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Trajectories of Internationalization: Knowledge and National Business Styles in the Making of Two Dutch Publishing Multinationals, 1950–1990

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2015

Dick Van Lente  and
Ferry De Goey
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Extract

The internationalization of business is the subject of an extensive theoretical literature as well as a growing number of historical studies. Historians have paid relatively little attention to the development of multinationals in the service sector, and studies about international publishing are especially scarce. This article discusses the early internationalization of two Dutch publishing firms, Kluwer (nowWolters Kluwer) and Elsevier (now Reed Elsevier) and confronts these case histories with the evolutionary theory of internationalization. The Dutch cases underline the important role of experience, knowledge and learning as well as of the national context in which companies develop. They also show that these factors allow for very different trajectories of internationalization within the same branch of business and the same country.

Type
Articles
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , March 2008 , pp. 165 - 202
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2008. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

Altbach, P.G., and Hoshino, E.S., eds. International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia. London, 1995.Google Scholar
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Bloom, Helen, Roland, Calori, and Philippe de Woot. Euro Management:A New Style for the Global Market. London, 1994.Google Scholar
Bonin, Hubert. Transnational Companies (19th-20th Centuries).Paris, 2001.Google Scholar
Buckley, Peter J., and Ghauri, Pervez N, eds. The Internationalization of the Firm. London, 1999.Google Scholar
CBS. Tachtig jaren statistiek in tijdreeksen. Den Haag, 1979.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. Jr, Franco, Amatori, and Hikino, Takashi, eds. Big Business and the Wealth ofNations. Cambridge, Mass., 1997.Google Scholar
Coser, Lewis A. Books. The Culture and Commerce of Publishing. New York, 1982.Google Scholar
Dejong, H.W. Fusies en overnames: Het concentratieproces in de Westerse markteconomie van de twintigste eeuw. Den Haag, 1988.Google Scholar
De Vries, Joh. Four Windows of Opportunity: A Study in Publishing. Amsterdam, 1995.Google Scholar
Dunning, John. The Globalization of Business. London, 1993.Google Scholar
Hagedoorn, J. and Narula, R. Evolutionary Understanding of Corporate Foreign Investment Behaviour: US Foreign Direct Investment in Europe. Maastricht, 1995.Google Scholar
Hofstede, Geert. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, 1984.Google Scholar
Hofstede, Geert. Cultures and Organizations: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. London, 1991.Google Scholar
Jagersma, P.K. Multinationalisatie van Nederlandse dienstenonderne- mingen. Tilburg, 1994.Google Scholar
Johannes, G.J. and Cohen, M. de Lara. Van Haarlem tot Manhattan: Veertig jaar VNU 1965–2005. Een uitgeverij in de lage landen wordt international informatie- en mediaconcern. Amsterdam, 2005.Google Scholar
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Jones, Geoffrey,and Harm, Schroter, eds. The Rise of Multinationals in Continental Europe. Aldershot, 1993.Google Scholar
Klautz, J.P.In de ban van mijn schaduw. Huizen, 1987.Google Scholar
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Schröter, H.G. Aufstieg der kleinen: Multinationale Unternehmen aus funfkleinen Staaten vor 1914. Berlin, 1993.Google Scholar
Sluyterman, Keetie E. Kerende kansen: Het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven in de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam, 2003. (Translated as Sluyterman, Keetie E. Dutch Enterprise in the Twentieth Century: Business Strategies in a Small Open Economy. London, 2005).Google Scholar
Van Amerongen, Martin. PJV. Amsterdam, 1995.Google Scholar
Van den Brink, R.E.M. De uitgever heeft vele gezichten. Amsterdam, 1979.Google Scholar
Van den Brink, R.E.M. Economische structuur en ontwikkeling van de informatiemedia in Nederland 1938–1985, in het bijzonder die met betrekking tot de uitgeverij. Leiden, 1987.Google Scholar
Van Krevelen, L. De Stijl van de uitgever. Amsterdam, 2002.Google Scholar
Van Wermeskerken, P.C. De jaren 90: Visie van Nederlandse topondernemers. Weert, 1988.Google Scholar
Van Zanden, J.L. Een klein land in de twintigste eeuw: economische geschiedenis van Nederland 1914–1995. Utrecht, 1997. (Translated as vanZanden, J. L. The Economic Historyofthe Netherlands 1914–1995. London, 1998).Google Scholar
Vermeulen, R. and Ph de, Wit. Onder uitgevers. Nijmegen, 2000.Google Scholar
Buckley, Peter J., Pass, C.L. and Prescott, Kate. “The Internationalization of Service Firms: A Comparison with the Manufacturing Sector.” In The Internationalization ofthe Firm, eds. Buckley, Peter J.and Ghauri, Pervez N. London, 1999, pp.149–65.Google Scholar
Byrnes, Robert F. “The French Publishing Industry and Its Crisis in the 1890’s.” In The Journal ofModern History 23 (September 1951): 232–42.Google Scholar
Coster, W. “Denker tussen vraag en aanbod. Aebele Everts Kluwer: 1861–1933.” Deventer Jaarboek (Deventer, 1989): 6–49.Google Scholar
Daalder, H. “The Sudden Revolution and the Sluggish Aftermath: A Retrospect Since 1968.” In Universities, Politicians and Bureaucrats, eds. Daalder, H. and Shils, E. Cambridge, Mass., 1982, pp. 489–510.Google Scholar
De Goey, F. “Dutch Overseas Investments in the Very Long Run (c. 1600–1900).” In Multinational Enterprises from the Netherlands, eds. van Hoesel, R. and Narula, R. London, 1999, pp. 32–60.Google Scholar
De Nederlandse Bank. “Monetair Financíële Statistieken 1982–2002.” Statistisch Bulletin, 58 (October 2003): 230–1.Google Scholar
Dongelmans, B.P.M. “Foreign Trade.” In Bibliopolis: History of the Printed Bookin the Netherlands. Zwolle, 2003, 195.Google Scholar
Dunning, J. “Multinational Enterprises and the Growth of Services: Some Conceptual and Theoretical Issues.” The Service Industries Journal 9(January 1989): 5–40.Google Scholar
Frank, M. D. “Internationaal Uitgeven.” In Het geheim van de uitgever, ed. Nuis, A. Amsterdam, 1978, pp.74–84.Google Scholar
Gales, B. P. A. and Sluyterman, K.E. “Outward Bound. The Rise of Dutch Multinationals.” In The Rise of Multinationals in Continental Europe, eds. Jones, G. and Schröter, H.G. Aldershot, 1993, pp. 65–98.Google Scholar
Graham, G. “Multinational Publishing.” In International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia, eds. Altbach, P.G. and Hoshino, E.S. London, 1995, pp. 242–9.Google Scholar
Greco, A. N, “Mergers and Acquisitions in Publishing, 1984-1988: Some Public Policy Issues.” Book Research Quarterly 5, no. 3 (1989): 25–44.Google Scholar
Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.-E. . “The Internationalization Process of the Firm-A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments.” Journal of International Business Studies 8 (1977): 23–32.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. “Business Enterprise and Global Worlds.” Enterprise and Society 3 (December 2002): 581–605.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. and Rose, Mary B. “Family Capitalism.” Business History 35 (Fall 1993): 1–16.Google Scholar
Kendrick, Noble, J. “Mergers and Acquisitions of Professional and Scholarly Publishers: A Contrarian View.” Book Research Quarterly 5, no. 3 (1989): 45–50.Google Scholar
Klein, Maury. “Coming Full Circle: The Study of Big Business Since 1950.” Enterprise and Society 2 (September 2001): 425–60.Google Scholar
Kogut, B. “The Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation: Within- and Across-Country Options.” In International Business. An Emerging Vision, eds. Toyne, B. and Nigh, D. Columbia, 1997, pp. 470–88.Google Scholar
Kogut, B.“Country Capabilities and the Permeability of Borders.” Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 33–47.Google Scholar
Kogut, B. and Singh, H. “The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode.” Journal of International Business Studies 19, no. 3 (1988): 411–32.Google Scholar
Kogut, B.and Zander, U. “Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation.” Journal of International Business Studies 24 (1993): 625–45.Google Scholar
Kogut, B.and Zander, U. “Knowledge, Market Failure and the Multinational Enterprise: A Reply.” Journal of International Business Studies 26, no. 2 (1995): 417–26.Google Scholar
Maciver, Neiva Elizabeth. “Chain Building: The consolidation of the American Newspaper Industry, 1953–1980.” Business History Review 70 (Spring 1996): 1–42.Google Scholar
Meadows, A.J. “European Science Publishing and the United States.” In Development ofScience Publishing in Europe, ed. Meadows, A.J. Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 237–50.Google Scholar
Narula, R., and van Hoesel, Roger. “Outward Investment from the Netherlands: Introduction and Overview.” In Multinational Enterprise from the Netherlands, eds. Hoesel, Roger van and Narula, Rajneesh London, 1999, pp. 1–31.Google Scholar
Shelley Rubin, Joan, “Self, Culture, and Self-Culture in Modern America: The Early History of the Book-of-the-Month Club.” The Journal of American History 71 (March 1985): 782–806.Google Scholar
Sluyterman, Keetie E. “Internationalisation of Dutch Accounting Firms.” Business History 40 (Spring 1998): 1–21.Google Scholar
Sluyterman, Keetie E.“De drukkerij-uitgeverij Misset en de opkomst van vakbladen, 1900–1940.” Jaarboek voor de Geschiedenis van Bedrijf en Techniek 3 (1986): 205–29.Google Scholar
Sparling, Robert R. “Het Externe Vermogen van Nederland.” In Statitisch Bulletin, 57 (February 2002): pp. 10–2.Google Scholar
Springhall, John. “Disseminating Impure Literature. The ‘Penny Dreadful’ Publishing Business Since 1860.” The Economic History Review New Series 47 (August 1994): 567–84.Google Scholar
Teulings, C. H. I. E. M. “Concernvorming in de uitgeverij.” In Het geheim van de uitgever, ed. Nuis, A. Amsterdam, 1978, pp. 92–101.Google Scholar
Van Iterson, A., and Olie, R. “European Business Systems: the Dutch Case.” In European Business Systems: Firms and Markets in their National Contexts, ed. Whitley, R. London, 1992, pp. 98–116.Google Scholar
Van Lente, Dick. “Copy, Composition, Printing (Printing Presses, Printing ink) and Correction [1910-Present].” In Bibliopolis. History of the Printed book in the Netherlands, eds. Van Delft, M. and De Wolf, C. Zwolle, 2003, pp.224–8.Google Scholar
Van Lente, Dick. “Ingenieurs en de vormgeving van de Nederlandse samenleving.” In Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw, vol. 7: “Techniek en modernisering. Balans van de twintigste eeuw,” ed. Schot, J.W.. Zutphen, 2003, pp. 197–231.Google Scholar
Van Kranenburg, H.. Cloodt, M., and Hagedoorn, J. “An Exploratory Study of Recent Trends in the Diversification of Dutch Publishing Companies in the Multimedia and Information Industries.” International Studies in Management and Organization 31/1 (Spring 2003): 64–86.Google Scholar
Van Krevelen, L. “Van liefhebberij tot cultureeel ondernemerschap. Over de ontwikkeling van de literaire uitgeverij in Nederland.” Jaarboek voor Nederlandse boekgeschiedenis 10 (2003): 13–50.Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, J. K. W. “The Decisive years for International Science Publishing in the Netherlands after the Second World War.” In Development of Science Publishing in Europe, ed. Meadows, A.J. Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 251–68.Google Scholar
Van der Weel, A. H. “Foreign Trade.” In Bibliopolis: History of the Printed Book in the Netherlands. Zwolle, 2003, pp. 242–3.Google Scholar
Verbeke, A. “The evolutionary view of the MNE and the future of internalization theory.” Journal of International Business Studies 34: 6 (2003): 498–504.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “Dutch Multinational Enterprise in the United States: A Historical Summary.” Business History Review 79 (Summer 2005): 193–275.Google Scholar
Willison, I. “Massmediatisation: Export of the American Model?” In Les mutations du livre et de l’edition dans le monde du XVIIIe siecle a l’an 2000, eds. Michon, J. and Mollier, J.Y. Quebec, 2001, pp. 574–89.Google Scholar
Wossner, M. “European Media Markets in the 1990s.” Book Research Quarterly 6: 3 (1990): 37–43.Google Scholar
Wiirzner, M. H. “De Duitse emigrantenliteratuur in Nederland, 1933–1940.” In Berlijn-Amsterdam 1920–1940: Wisselwerkingen,ed. Dittrich, K. Amsterdam, 1982, pp. 114–5.Google Scholar
“Today’s best book profits are in professional publishing.” Publishers Weekly, 21 Mar. 1977 Google Scholar
Van Lente, D., “Kluwer, family, experts and managers: 1920–1960”, Conference paper, Stockholm, September 2004, available athttp://hdl.handle.net/1765/6880. Google Scholar
Wolters Kluwer Archives, at the company’s main office, Appollolaan 153, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Altbach, P.G., and Hoshino, E.S., eds. International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia. London, 1995.Google Scholar
Amatori, Franco, and Jones, Geoffrey, eds. Business History Around the World. Cambridge, 2003.Google Scholar
Beusekamp, W., and Schoonbrood, J. De overval van Elsevier op Kluwer. Amsterdam, 1987.Google Scholar
Bloom, Helen, Roland, Calori, and Philippe de Woot. Euro Management:A New Style for the Global Market. London, 1994.Google Scholar
Bonin, Hubert. Transnational Companies (19th-20th Centuries).Paris, 2001.Google Scholar
Buckley, Peter J., and Ghauri, Pervez N, eds. The Internationalization of the Firm. London, 1999.Google Scholar
CBS. Tachtig jaren statistiek in tijdreeksen. Den Haag, 1979.Google Scholar
Chandler, Alfred D. Jr, Franco, Amatori, and Hikino, Takashi, eds. Big Business and the Wealth ofNations. Cambridge, Mass., 1997.Google Scholar
Coser, Lewis A. Books. The Culture and Commerce of Publishing. New York, 1982.Google Scholar
Dejong, H.W. Fusies en overnames: Het concentratieproces in de Westerse markteconomie van de twintigste eeuw. Den Haag, 1988.Google Scholar
De Vries, Joh. Four Windows of Opportunity: A Study in Publishing. Amsterdam, 1995.Google Scholar
Dunning, John. The Globalization of Business. London, 1993.Google Scholar
Hagedoorn, J. and Narula, R. Evolutionary Understanding of Corporate Foreign Investment Behaviour: US Foreign Direct Investment in Europe. Maastricht, 1995.Google Scholar
Hofstede, Geert. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, 1984.Google Scholar
Hofstede, Geert. Cultures and Organizations: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. London, 1991.Google Scholar
Jagersma, P.K. Multinationalisatie van Nederlandse dienstenonderne- mingen. Tilburg, 1994.Google Scholar
Johannes, G.J. and Cohen, M. de Lara. Van Haarlem tot Manhattan: Veertig jaar VNU 1965–2005. Een uitgeverij in de lage landen wordt international informatie- en mediaconcern. Amsterdam, 2005.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Multinationals and Global Capitalism from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Oxford, 2005.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. The Evolution of International Business: An Introduction. London, 1996.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Oxford, 2000.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey, ed. Transnational Corporations: A Historical Perspective. London, 1993.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey,and Harm, Schroter, eds. The Rise of Multinationals in Continental Europe. Aldershot, 1993.Google Scholar
Klautz, J.P.In de ban van mijn schaduw. Huizen, 1987.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Peter. Management in the Netherlands. Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar
Uitgevers-Maatschappij, N. V. Kluwer, AE. Gedenkboek uitgegeven ter gelegenheid van het vijftigjarig bestaan N.V. Uitgevers-Maatschappij JE.E. Kluwer, 1889-1939. Deventer, 1939, (note to production; author here is the company, not a person).Google Scholar
Roberts, Joanne. Multinational Business Service Firm: The Development of Multinational Organisational Structures in the UK Business Services Sector. Aldershot, 1998.Google Scholar
Schiffrin, A. The Business of Books: How International Conglomerates Took Over Publishing and Changed the Way We Read. London and New York, 2000.Google Scholar
Schröter, H.G. Aufstieg der kleinen: Multinationale Unternehmen aus funfkleinen Staaten vor 1914. Berlin, 1993.Google Scholar
Sluyterman, Keetie E. Kerende kansen: Het Nederlandse bedrijfsleven in de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam, 2003. (Translated as Sluyterman, Keetie E. Dutch Enterprise in the Twentieth Century: Business Strategies in a Small Open Economy. London, 2005).Google Scholar
Van Amerongen, Martin. PJV. Amsterdam, 1995.Google Scholar
Van den Brink, R.E.M. De uitgever heeft vele gezichten. Amsterdam, 1979.Google Scholar
Van den Brink, R.E.M. Economische structuur en ontwikkeling van de informatiemedia in Nederland 1938–1985, in het bijzonder die met betrekking tot de uitgeverij. Leiden, 1987.Google Scholar
Van Krevelen, L. De Stijl van de uitgever. Amsterdam, 2002.Google Scholar
Van Wermeskerken, P.C. De jaren 90: Visie van Nederlandse topondernemers. Weert, 1988.Google Scholar
Van Zanden, J.L. Een klein land in de twintigste eeuw: economische geschiedenis van Nederland 1914–1995. Utrecht, 1997. (Translated as vanZanden, J. L. The Economic Historyofthe Netherlands 1914–1995. London, 1998).Google Scholar
Vermeulen, R. and Ph de, Wit. Onder uitgevers. Nijmegen, 2000.Google Scholar
Buckley, Peter J., Pass, C.L. and Prescott, Kate. “The Internationalization of Service Firms: A Comparison with the Manufacturing Sector.” In The Internationalization ofthe Firm, eds. Buckley, Peter J.and Ghauri, Pervez N. London, 1999, pp.149–65.Google Scholar
Byrnes, Robert F. “The French Publishing Industry and Its Crisis in the 1890’s.” In The Journal ofModern History 23 (September 1951): 232–42.Google Scholar
Coster, W. “Denker tussen vraag en aanbod. Aebele Everts Kluwer: 1861–1933.” Deventer Jaarboek (Deventer, 1989): 6–49.Google Scholar
Daalder, H. “The Sudden Revolution and the Sluggish Aftermath: A Retrospect Since 1968.” In Universities, Politicians and Bureaucrats, eds. Daalder, H. and Shils, E. Cambridge, Mass., 1982, pp. 489–510.Google Scholar
De Goey, F. “Dutch Overseas Investments in the Very Long Run (c. 1600–1900).” In Multinational Enterprises from the Netherlands, eds. van Hoesel, R. and Narula, R. London, 1999, pp. 32–60.Google Scholar
De Nederlandse Bank. “Monetair Financíële Statistieken 1982–2002.” Statistisch Bulletin, 58 (October 2003): 230–1.Google Scholar
Dongelmans, B.P.M. “Foreign Trade.” In Bibliopolis: History of the Printed Bookin the Netherlands. Zwolle, 2003, 195.Google Scholar
Dunning, J. “Multinational Enterprises and the Growth of Services: Some Conceptual and Theoretical Issues.” The Service Industries Journal 9(January 1989): 5–40.Google Scholar
Frank, M. D. “Internationaal Uitgeven.” In Het geheim van de uitgever, ed. Nuis, A. Amsterdam, 1978, pp.74–84.Google Scholar
Gales, B. P. A. and Sluyterman, K.E. “Outward Bound. The Rise of Dutch Multinationals.” In The Rise of Multinationals in Continental Europe, eds. Jones, G. and Schröter, H.G. Aldershot, 1993, pp. 65–98.Google Scholar
Graham, G. “Multinational Publishing.” In International Book Publishing: An Encyclopedia, eds. Altbach, P.G. and Hoshino, E.S. London, 1995, pp. 242–9.Google Scholar
Greco, A. N, “Mergers and Acquisitions in Publishing, 1984-1988: Some Public Policy Issues.” Book Research Quarterly 5, no. 3 (1989): 25–44.Google Scholar
Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.-E. . “The Internationalization Process of the Firm-A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments.” Journal of International Business Studies 8 (1977): 23–32.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. “Business Enterprise and Global Worlds.” Enterprise and Society 3 (December 2002): 581–605.Google Scholar
Jones, Geoffrey. and Rose, Mary B. “Family Capitalism.” Business History 35 (Fall 1993): 1–16.Google Scholar
Kendrick, Noble, J. “Mergers and Acquisitions of Professional and Scholarly Publishers: A Contrarian View.” Book Research Quarterly 5, no. 3 (1989): 45–50.Google Scholar
Klein, Maury. “Coming Full Circle: The Study of Big Business Since 1950.” Enterprise and Society 2 (September 2001): 425–60.Google Scholar
Kogut, B. “The Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation: Within- and Across-Country Options.” In International Business. An Emerging Vision, eds. Toyne, B. and Nigh, D. Columbia, 1997, pp. 470–88.Google Scholar
Kogut, B.“Country Capabilities and the Permeability of Borders.” Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 33–47.Google Scholar
Kogut, B. and Singh, H. “The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode.” Journal of International Business Studies 19, no. 3 (1988): 411–32.Google Scholar
Kogut, B.and Zander, U. “Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation.” Journal of International Business Studies 24 (1993): 625–45.Google Scholar
Kogut, B.and Zander, U. “Knowledge, Market Failure and the Multinational Enterprise: A Reply.” Journal of International Business Studies 26, no. 2 (1995): 417–26.Google Scholar
Maciver, Neiva Elizabeth. “Chain Building: The consolidation of the American Newspaper Industry, 1953–1980.” Business History Review 70 (Spring 1996): 1–42.Google Scholar
Meadows, A.J. “European Science Publishing and the United States.” In Development ofScience Publishing in Europe, ed. Meadows, A.J. Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 237–50.Google Scholar
Narula, R., and van Hoesel, Roger. “Outward Investment from the Netherlands: Introduction and Overview.” In Multinational Enterprise from the Netherlands, eds. Hoesel, Roger van and Narula, Rajneesh London, 1999, pp. 1–31.Google Scholar
Shelley Rubin, Joan, “Self, Culture, and Self-Culture in Modern America: The Early History of the Book-of-the-Month Club.” The Journal of American History 71 (March 1985): 782–806.Google Scholar
Sluyterman, Keetie E. “Internationalisation of Dutch Accounting Firms.” Business History 40 (Spring 1998): 1–21.Google Scholar
Sluyterman, Keetie E.“De drukkerij-uitgeverij Misset en de opkomst van vakbladen, 1900–1940.” Jaarboek voor de Geschiedenis van Bedrijf en Techniek 3 (1986): 205–29.Google Scholar
Sparling, Robert R. “Het Externe Vermogen van Nederland.” In Statitisch Bulletin, 57 (February 2002): pp. 10–2.Google Scholar
Springhall, John. “Disseminating Impure Literature. The ‘Penny Dreadful’ Publishing Business Since 1860.” The Economic History Review New Series 47 (August 1994): 567–84.Google Scholar
Teulings, C. H. I. E. M. “Concernvorming in de uitgeverij.” In Het geheim van de uitgever, ed. Nuis, A. Amsterdam, 1978, pp. 92–101.Google Scholar
Van Iterson, A., and Olie, R. “European Business Systems: the Dutch Case.” In European Business Systems: Firms and Markets in their National Contexts, ed. Whitley, R. London, 1992, pp. 98–116.Google Scholar
Van Lente, Dick. “Copy, Composition, Printing (Printing Presses, Printing ink) and Correction [1910-Present].” In Bibliopolis. History of the Printed book in the Netherlands, eds. Van Delft, M. and De Wolf, C. Zwolle, 2003, pp.224–8.Google Scholar
Van Lente, Dick. “Ingenieurs en de vormgeving van de Nederlandse samenleving.” In Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw, vol. 7: “Techniek en modernisering. Balans van de twintigste eeuw,” ed. Schot, J.W.. Zutphen, 2003, pp. 197–231.Google Scholar
Van Kranenburg, H.. Cloodt, M., and Hagedoorn, J. “An Exploratory Study of Recent Trends in the Diversification of Dutch Publishing Companies in the Multimedia and Information Industries.” International Studies in Management and Organization 31/1 (Spring 2003): 64–86.Google Scholar
Van Krevelen, L. “Van liefhebberij tot cultureeel ondernemerschap. Over de ontwikkeling van de literaire uitgeverij in Nederland.” Jaarboek voor Nederlandse boekgeschiedenis 10 (2003): 13–50.Google Scholar
Van Leeuwen, J. K. W. “The Decisive years for International Science Publishing in the Netherlands after the Second World War.” In Development of Science Publishing in Europe, ed. Meadows, A.J. Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 251–68.Google Scholar
Van der Weel, A. H. “Foreign Trade.” In Bibliopolis: History of the Printed Book in the Netherlands. Zwolle, 2003, pp. 242–3.Google Scholar
Verbeke, A. “The evolutionary view of the MNE and the future of internalization theory.” Journal of International Business Studies 34: 6 (2003): 498–504.Google Scholar
Wilkins, Mira. “Dutch Multinational Enterprise in the United States: A Historical Summary.” Business History Review 79 (Summer 2005): 193–275.Google Scholar
Willison, I. “Massmediatisation: Export of the American Model?” In Les mutations du livre et de l’edition dans le monde du XVIIIe siecle a l’an 2000, eds. Michon, J. and Mollier, J.Y. Quebec, 2001, pp. 574–89.Google Scholar
Wossner, M. “European Media Markets in the 1990s.” Book Research Quarterly 6: 3 (1990): 37–43.Google Scholar
Wiirzner, M. H. “De Duitse emigrantenliteratuur in Nederland, 1933–1940.” In Berlijn-Amsterdam 1920–1940: Wisselwerkingen,ed. Dittrich, K. Amsterdam, 1982, pp. 114–5.Google Scholar
“Today’s best book profits are in professional publishing.” Publishers Weekly, 21 Mar. 1977 Google Scholar
Van Lente, D., “Kluwer, family, experts and managers: 1920–1960”, Conference paper, Stockholm, September 2004, available athttp://hdl.handle.net/1765/6880. Google Scholar
Wolters Kluwer Archives, at the company’s main office, Appollolaan 153, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Google Scholar