f1

Correspondence: Dr Michel Bertrand, Department of Cardiology, Hopital Cardiologique, Boulevard du Pr Leclercq, 59037 Lille, France.

References

1

Davies
MJ
, Richardson PJWN, Katz DR, Mann J. Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content.
Br Heart J
.
1993
;
69
:
377
–381

2

Davies
M
. Acute coronary thrombosis: the role of plaque disruption and its initiation and prevention.
Eur Heart J
.
1995
;
16
:
3
–7

3

Davies
M
. The composition of coronary artery plaque.
N Engl J Med
.
1997
;
336
:
1312
–1313

4

Eur Heart J
.
1996
;
17
:
43
–63

5

Fuster
VBL
, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med
.
1992
;
326
:
242
–250

6

Fuster
V
. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology.
Circulation
.
1994
;
90
:
2126
–2146

7

Burke
APFA
, Tang AL. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly.
N Engl J Med
.
1997
;
336
:
1276
–1282

8

Farb
ABA
, Tang AL. Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core: a frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death.
Circulation
.
1996
;
93
:
1354
–1363

9

Arbustini
EDBB
, Morbini P, Burke AP, Bocciarelli M, Specchia G, Virmani. Plaque erosion is a major substrate for coronary thrombosis in acute myocardial infarction.
Heart
.
1999
;
82
:
269
–272

10

Libby
P
. Molecular basis of the acute coronary syndromes.
Circulation
.
1995
;
91
:
2844
–2850

11

Moreno
PR
, Falk E, Palacios IF, Newell JB, Fuster V, Fallon JT. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes. Implications for plaque rupture.
Circulation
.
1994
;
90
:
775
–778

12

Kaartinen
A
, Penttila A, Kovanen P. Accumulation of activated mast cells in the shoulder region of human coronary atheroma, the predilection site of atheromatous rupture.
Circulation
.
1994
;
90
:
1669
–1678

13

Kaartinen
M
, van der Wal A, van der Loos C. Mast cell infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: implications for plaque rupture.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1998
;
32
:
606
–612

14

Arbustini
E
, De Servi S, Bramucci E. Comparison of coronary lesions obtained by directional coronary atherectomy in unstable angina, stable angina, and restenosis after either atherectomy or angioplasty.
Am J Cardiol
.
1995
;
75
:
675
–682

15

Arbustini
E
, Morbini P, De Servi S. Histopathologic features in atherectomy samples obtained from patient with unstable angina, stable angina and restenosis. Directional Atherectomy Lombardi Group.
G Ital Cardiol
.
1996
;
26
:
623
–633

16

Toschi
V
, Gallo R, Lettino M, Fallon J. Tissue factor predicts the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic components.
Circulation
.
1997
;
95
:
594
–599

17

Willerson
J
, Golino PEJ, Campbell W, Buja M. Specific platelet mediators and unstable coronary artery lesions: experimental evidence and potential clinical implications.
Circulation
.
1989
;
80
:
198
–205

18

Falk
E
. Morphologic features of unstable atherothrombotic plaques underlying acute coronary syndromes.
Am J Cardiol
.
1989
;
63
:
114E
–120E

19

Falk
E
, Fuster V. Angina pectoris and disease progression [editorial; comment].
Circulation
.
1995
;
92
:
2033
–2035

20

Falk
E
, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption.
Circulation
.
1995
;
92
:
657
–671

21

van Domburg
R
, van Miltenburg-van Zijl A, Veerhoeck R, Simoons M. Unstable angina: good long-term outcome after a complicated early course.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1998
;
31
:
1534
–1539

22

Lee
T
, Cook F, Erb R. Acute chest pain in the emergency room.
Arch Int Med
.
1985
;
145
:
65
–69

23

Fesmire
FM
, Percy RF, Bardoner JB, Wharton DR, Calhoun FB. Usefulness of automated serial 12-lead ECG monitoring during the initial emergency department evaluation of patients with chest pain.
Ann Emerg Med
.
1998
;
31
:
3
–11

24

Fisch
C
. The Clinical ECG: Sensitivity and Specificity. : Elsevier Science publishers; 1997.

25

Lee
T
, Cook E, Weisberg M. Impact of the availability of a prior ECG on the triage of the patient with acute chest pain.
J Gen Intern Med
.
1990
;
5
:
381
–388

26

McCarthy
B
, Wong J, Selker H. Detecting acute ischemia in the emergency department.
J Gen Int Med
.
1990
;
5
:
365
–373

27

Rouan
G
, Lee T, Cook E. Clinical characteristics and outcome of acute myocardial infarction in patients with normal or nonspecific electrocardiograms.
Am J Cardiol
.
1989
;
64
:
1087
–1092

28

Pozen
M
, D'Agostino R, Selker H. A predictive instrument to improve CCU admission practices in acute ischemic heart disease. A prospective multicenter clinical trial.
N Engl J Med
.
1984
;
310
:
1279
–1292

29

Katus
H
, Looser S, Hallermayer K. Development and in vitro characterization of a new immunoassay of cardiac troponon T.
Clin Chem
.
1992
;
38
:
386
–393

30

Davies
E
, Gawad Y, Takashi M. Analytical performance and clinical utility of a sensitive immunoassay for determination of human cardiac troponin I.
Clin Biochem
.
1997
;
30
:
479
–490

31

Cohen
M
, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group.
N Engl J Med
.
1997
;
337
:
447
–452

32

Campbell
R
, Wallentin L, Verheugt F, Turpie A. Management strategies for a better outcome in unstable coronary artery disease.
Clin Cardiol
.
1998
;
21
:
314
–322

33

Braunwald
E
, Jones RH, Mark DB. Diagnosing and managing unstable angina. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Circulation
.
1994
;
90
:
613
–622

34

Theroux
P
, Fuster V. Acute coronary syndromes: unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.
Circulation
.
1998
;
97
:
1195
–1206

35

Braunwald
E
. Unstable angina. A classification.
Circulation
.
1989
;
80
:
410
–414

36

van Miltenburg-van Zijl
AJ
, Simoons ML, Veerhoek RJ, Bossuyt PM. Incidence and follow-up of Braunwald subgroups in unstable angina pectoris.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1995
;
25
:
1286
–1292

37

Circulation
.
1994
;
89
:
1545
–1556

38

Andersen
K
, Eriksson PMD. Ischaemia detected by continuous on-line vectocardiographic monitoring predicts unfavourable outcome in patients admitted with probable unstable coronary artery disease.
Coron Art Dis
.
1996
;
7
:
753
–760

39

Langer
A
, Freeman MR, Armstrong PW. ST segment shift in unstable angina: pathophysiology and association with coronary anatomy and hospital outcome.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1989
;
13
:
1495
–1502

40

Gottlieb
S
, Weisfeldt M, Ouyang P. Silent myocardial ischemia as a marker for early unfavorable outcomes in patients with unstable angina.
N Engl J Med
.
1986
;
314
:
1214
–1219

41

Larsson
H
, Areskog M, Areskog NH. The diagnostic and prognostic importance of ambulatory ST recording compared to a predischarge exercise test after an episode of unstable angina or non-Q wave myocardial infarction.
Eur Heart J
.
1995
;
16
:
888
–893

42

Wilcox
I
, Ben Freedman S, Kelly DT, Harris PJ. Clinical significance of silent ischemia in unstable angina pectoris.
Am J Cardiol
.
1990
;
65
:
1313
–1316

43

Patel
DJ
, Holdright DR, Knight CJ. Early continuous ST segment monitoring in unstable angina: prognostic value additional to the clinical characteristics and the admission electrocardiogram.
Heart
.
1996
;
75
:
222
–228

44

Andersen
K
, Dellborg M. Heparin is more effective than inogatran, a low-molecular weight thrombin inhibitor in suppressing ischemia and recurrent angina in unstable coronary disease. Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Ischemia (TRIM) Study Group.
Am J Cardiol
.
1998
;
81
:
939
–944

45

Frostfeldt
GAG
, Gustafsson G, Helmius G. Low molecular weight heparin (Dalteparin) as adjuvant treatment to thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction—a pilot study: Biochemical markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes (BIOMACSII).
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1999
;
33
:
627
–633

46

Klootwijk
P
, Meij S, von Es GA. Comparison of usefulness of computer assisted continuous 48-h 3-lead with 12-lead ECG ischaemia monitoring for detection and quantitation of ischaemia in patients with unstable angina.
Eur Heart J
.
1997
;
18
:
931
–940

47

Klootwijk
P
, Meij S, Melkert R, Lenderink T, Simoons ML. Reduction of recurrent ischemia with abciximab during continuous ECG-ischemia monitoring in patients with unstable angina refractory to standard treatment (CAPTURE).
Circulation
.
1998
;
98
:
1358
–1364

48

Klootwijk
P
, Lenderink T, Meij S. Anticoagulant properties, clinical efficacy and safety of efegatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, in patients with unstable angina.
Eur Heart J
.
1999
;
20
:
1101
–1111

49

Hamm
CW
, Ravkilde J, Gerhardt W. The prognostic value of serum troponin T in unstable angina.
N Engl J Med
.
1992
;
327
:
146
–150

50

Pettersson
T
, Ohlsson O, Tryding N. Increased CKMB (mass concentration) in patients without traditional evidence of acute myocardial infarction. A risk indicator of coronary death.
Eur Heart J
.
1992
;
13
:
1387
–1392

51

Ravkilde
J
, Hansen AB, Horder M, Jorgensen PJ, Thygesen K. Risk stratification in suspected acute myocardial infarction based on a sensitive immunoassay for serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB. A 2.5-year follow-up study in 156 consecutive patients.
Cardiology
.
1992
;
80
:
143
–151

52

Stubbs
P
, Collinson P, Moseley D, Greenwood T, Noble M. Prospective study of the role of cardiac troponin T in patients admitted with unstable angina.
Br Med J
.
1996
;
313
:
262
–264

53

Wu
AH
, Abbas SA, Green S. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin T in unstable angina pectoris.
Am J Cardiol
.
1995
;
76
:
970
–972

54

Lindahl
B
. Biochemical markers of myocardial damage for early diagnosis and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Minireview based on a doctorial thesis.
Ups J Med Sci
.
1996
;
101
:
193
–232

55

Lindahl
B
, Venge P, Wallentin L. Relation between troponin T and the risk of subsequent cardiac events in unstable coronary artery disease. The FRISC study group.
Circulation
.
1996
;
93
:
1651
–1657

56

Lindahl
B
, Venge P, Wallentin L. Troponin T identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit from long-term antithrombotic protection. Fragmin in Unstable Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) Study Group.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1997
;
29
:
43
–48

57

Antman
EM
, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B. Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med
.
1996
;
335
:
1342
–1349

58

Lüscher
MS
, Thygesen K, Ravkilde J, Heickendorff L. Applicability of cardiac troponin T and I for early risk stratification in unstable coronary artery disease. TRIM Study Group. Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial ischemia.
Circulation
.
1997
;
96
:
2578
–2585

59

Galvani
M
, Ottani F, Ferrini D. Prognostic influence of elevated values of cardiac troponin I in patients with unstable angina.
Circulation
.
1997
;
95
:
2053
–2059

60

Lindahl
B
, Andren B, Ohlsson J, Venge P, Wallentin L. Risk stratification in unstable coronary artery disease. Additive value of troponin T determinations and pre-discharge exercise tests. FRISK Study Group.
Eur Heart J
.
1997
;
18
:
762
–770

61

Holmvang
L
, Andersen K. Relative contributions of a single-admission 12-lead electrocardiogram and early 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for early risk stratification in patients with unstable coronary artery disease.
Am J Cardiol
.
1999
;
83
:
667
–674

62

Dellborg
M
, Andersen K. Key factors in the identification of the high-risk patient with unstable coronary artery disease: clinical findings, resting 12-lead electrocardiogram, and continuous electrocardiographic monitoring.
Am J Cardiol
.
1997
;
80
:
35E
–39E

63

Toss
H
, Lindahl B, Siegbahn A, Wallentin L. Prognostic influence of increased fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels in unstable coronary artery disease. FRISC Study Group. Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease.
Circulation
.
1997
;
96
:
4204
–4210

64

Hamm
C
, Heeschen C, Goldmann B. Benefit of abciximab in patients with refractory unstable angina in relation to serum troponin level.
N Engl J Med
.
1999
;
340
:
1623
–1629

65

Lancet
.
1999
;
354
:
701
–707

66

Heeschen
C
, Hamm C, Goldmann B, Deu A, Langenbrink L, White H. Troponin concentrations for stratification of patients with acute syndromes in relation to therapeutic efficacy of tirofiban.
Lancet
.
1999
;
354
:
1757
–1762

67

Becker
R
, Cannon C, Bovill E. Prognostic value of plasma fibrinogen concentration in patients with unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (TIMI IIIB trial).
Am J Cardiol
.
1996
;
78
:
142
–147

68

Pollak
H
, Fischer M, Fritsch S, Enenkel W. Are admission plasma fibrinogen levels useful in the characterization of risk groups after myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolysis?
Thromb Haemost
.
1991
;
66
:
406
–409

69

Morrow
D
, Rifai N, Antman E. C-reactive protein is a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1998
;
31
:
1460
–1465

70

Kuller
L
, Tracy R, Shaten J. Relation of C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease in the MRFIT nested case-control study.
Am J Epidemiol
.
1996
;
144
:
537
–547

71

Ardission
D
, Merlini P, Gamba G. Thrombin activity and early outcome in unstable angina.
Circulation
.
1996
;
93
:
1634
–1639

72

Ernofsson
M
, Strekerud F, Toss H, Abildgaard U, Wallentin L, Siegbahn A. Low-molecular weight heparin reduces the generation and activity of thrombin in unstable coronary artery disease.
Thromb Haemost
.
1998
;
79
:
491
–494

73

Meade
TW
, Ruddock V, Stirling Y, Chakrabarti R, Miller GJ. Fibrinolytic activity, clotting factors, and long-term incidence of ischaemic heart disease in the Northwick Park Heart Study.
Lancet
.
1993
;
342
:
1076
–1079

74

Meade
TW
. Routine measurement of fibrinogen concentration. Clinically feasible [letter; comment].
Br Med J
.
1993
;
307
:
1562

75

Meade
TW
. Fibrinogen in ischaemic heart disease.
Eur Heart J
.
1995
;
16
:
31
–35

76

Munkvad
S
, Gram J, Jespersen J. A depression of active tissue plasminogen activator in plasma characterizes patients with unstable angina pectoris who develop myocardial infarction.
Eur Heart J
.
1990
;
11
:
525
–528

77

Hamsten
A
, Walldius G, Szamosi A. Plasminogen activator in plasma: risk factor for recurrent myocardial infarction.
Lancet
.
1987
;:
3
–8

78

Kruskal
JCP
, Franks J, Kirsch R. Fibrin and fibrinogen-related antigens in patients with stable and unstable coronary artery disease.
N Engl J Med
.
1987
;
22
:
1361
–1365

79

Wilcox
I
, Freedman SB, Allman KC. Prognostic significance of a predischarge exercise test in risk stratification after unstable angina pectoris.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1991
;
18
:
677
–683

80

Wilcox
I
, Freedman SB, Li JN, Harris PJ, Kelly DT. Comparison of exercise stress testing with ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in the detection of myocardial ischemia after unstable angina pectoris.
Am J Cardiol
.
1991
;
67
:
89
–91

81

Launbjerg
J
, Fruergaard P, Jacobsen HL, Madsen JK. Long-term risk factors from non-invasive evaluation of patients with acute chest pain, but without myocardial infarction.
Eur Heart J
.
1995
;
16
:
30
–37

82

Nyman
I
, Wallentin L, Areskog M, Areskog NH, Swahn E. Risk stratification by early exercise testing after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease. The RISC Study Group.
Int J Cardiol
.
1993
;
39
:
131
–142

83

Amanullah
AM
, Lindvall K, Bevegard S. Exercise echocardiography after stabilization of unstable angina: correlation with exercise thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography.
Clin Cardiol
.
1992
;
15
:
585
–589

84

Amanullah
AM
, Lindvall K. Predischarge exercise echocardiography in patients with unstable angina who respond to medical treatment.
Clin Cardiol
.
1992
;
15
:
417
–423

85

Amanullah
AM
, Lindvall K, Bevegard S. Prognostic significance of exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging compared to stress echocardiography and clinical variables in patients with unstable angina who respond to medical treatment.
Int J Cardiol
.
1993
;
39
:
71
–78

86

Brown
KA
. Prognostic value of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with unstable angina who respond to medical treatment.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1991
;
17
:
1053
–1057

87

Luchi
R
, Scott, Deupree. Comparison of medical and surgical treatment for unstable angina pectoris.
N Engl J Med
.
1987
;
316
:
977
–984

88

Gottlieb
S
, Weisfeldt ML, Ouyang P. Effect of the addition of propranolol to therapy with nifedipine for unstable angina pectoris: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Circulation
.
1986
;
73
:
331
–337

89

Telford
A
, Wilson C. Trial of heparin versus atenolol in prevention of myocardial infarction in intermediate coronary syndrome.
Lancet
.
1981
;
1
:
1225
–1228

90

Lubsen
JTJ
. Efficacy of nifedipine and metoprolol in the early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary care unit: findings from the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/metoprolol Trial (HINT).
Am J Cardiol
.
1987
;
60
:
18A
–25A

91

Yusuf
S
, Witte J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized trials in heart disease: unstable angina, heart failure, primary prevention with aspirin and risk factor modifications.
JAMA
.
1988
;
260
:
2259
–2263

92

Eur Heart J
.
1985
;
6
:
199
–226

93

DePace
N
, Herling IM, Kotler MN, Hakki AH, Spielman SR, Segal BL. Intravenous nitroglycerin for rest angina. Potential pathophysiologic mechanisms of action.
Arch Intern Med
.
1982
;
142
:
1806
–1809

94

Kaplan
K
, Davison R, Parker M, Przybylek J, Teagarden JRML. Intravenous nitroglycerin for the treatment of angina at rest unresponsive to standard nitrate therapy.
Am J Cardiol
.
1983
;
51
:
694
–698

95

Roubin
G
, Harris PJ, Eckhardt I. Intravenous nitroglycerine in refractory unstable angina pectoris.
Aust NZ J Med
.
1982
;
12
:
598
–602

96

Curfman
G
, Heinsimr JA, Lozner EC, Fung HL. Intravenous nitroglycerin in the treatment of spontaneous angina pectoris: a prospective randomized trial.
Circulation
.
1983
;
67
:
276
–282

97

Dellborg
M
, Gustafsson G, Swedberg K. Buccal versus intravenous nitroglycerin in unstable angina pectoris.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol
.
1991
;
41
:
5
–9

98

May
DCPJ
, Black WH. In vivo induction and reversal of nitroglycerin tolerance in human coronary arteries.
N Engl J Med
.
1987
;
317
:
805
–809

99

Reichek
N
, Priest C, Zimrin D, Chandler T, Sutton MS. Antianginal effects of nitroglycerin patches.
Am J Cardiol
.
1984
;
54
:
1
–7

100

Thadani
U
, Hamilton SF, Olsen E. Transdermal nitroglycerin patches in angina pectoris. Dose titration, duration of effect, and rapid tolerance.
Ann Intern Med
.
1986
;
105
:
485
–492

101

Theroux
P
, Taeymans Y, Morissette D. A randomized study comparing propranolol and diltiazem in the treatment of unstable angina.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1985
;
5
:
717
–722

102

Parodi
OSI
, Michelassi C. Comparison of verapamil and propanolol therapy for angina pectoris at rest. A randomized, multiple crossover, controlled trial in the coronary care unit.
Am J Cardiol
.
1986
;
57
:
899
–906

103

Smith
NLRG
, Psaty BM. Health outcomes associated with beta-blocker and diltiazem treatment of unstable angina.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1998
;
32
:
1305
–1311

104

Held
PYS
, Furberg CD. Calcium channel blockers in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: an overview.
Br Med J
.
1989
;
299
:
1187
–1192

105

Psaty
BM
, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies.
JAMA
.
1995
;
274
:
620
–625

106

Yusuf
S
, Held P, Furberg C. Update of effects of calcium antagonists in myocardial infarction or angina in light of the second Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT-II) and other recent studies.
Am J Cardiol
.
1991
;
67
:
1295
–1297

107

Boden
W
, Van Gilst W, Scheldewaert R. Secondary prevention with diltiazem once daily versus placebo in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis.
Lancet
.
2000
;:

108

Oler
A
, Whooley MA, Oler J, Grady D. Adding heparin to aspirin reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death in patients with unstable angina. A meta-analysis.
JAMA
.
1996
;
276
:
811
–815

109

Theroux
P
, Ouimet H, McCans J. Aspirin, heparin, or both to treat acute unstable angina.
N Engl J Med
.
1988
;
319
:
1105
–1111

110

Lancet
.
1996
;
347
:
561
–568

111

Klein
W
, Buchwald A, Hillis SE. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin acutely and with placebo for 6 weeks in the management of unstable coronary artery disease. Fragmin in unstable coronary artery disease study (FRIC).
Circulation
.
1997
;
96
:
61
–68

112

Antman
EM
. TIMI 11B. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter trial. Rationale, study design, and methods. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B Trial Investigators.
Am Heart J
.
1998
;
135
:
S353
–360

113

Antman
EM
, Cohen M, Radley D. Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable Angina/ Non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta-analysis.
Circulation
.
1999
;
100
:
1602
–1608

114

Eur Heart J
.
1999
;
20
:
1553
–1562

115

N Engl J Med
.
1996
;
335
:
775
–782

116

Fox
KA
. Implications of the Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes-2 (OASIS-2) study and the results in the context of other trials.
Am J Cardiol
.
1999
;
84
:
26M
–31M

117

Lancet
.
1990
;
336
:
827
–830

118

Theroux
P
, Waters D, Qiu S, McCans J, de Guise P, Juneau M. Aspirin versus heparin to prevent myocardial infarction during the acute phase of unstable angina.
Circulation
.
1993
;
88
:
2045
–2048

119

Cairns
JA
, Singer J, Gent M. One year mortality outcomes of all coronary and intensive care unit patients with acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina or other chest pain in Hamilton, Ontario, a city of 375,000 people.
Can J Cardiol
.
1989
;
5
:
239
–246

120

Wallentin
LC
. Aspirin (75mg/day) after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease: long-term effects on the risk for myocardial infarction, occurrence of severe angina and the need for revascularization. Research Group on Instability in Coronary Artery Disease in Southeast Sweden [comment].
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1991
;
18
:
1587
–1593

121

Balsano
F
, Violi F, Cimminiello C. Ticlopidine in unstable angina.
Circulation
.
1990
;
82
:
2282
–2283

122

Balsano
F
, Rizzon P, Violi F. Antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine in unstable angina. A controlled multicenter clinical trial. The Studio della Ticlopidina nell'Angina Instabile Group.
Circulation
.
1990
;
82
:
17
–26

123

Lancet
.
1996
;
348
:
1329
–1339

124

Bertrand
M
, Legrand V, Boland J. Randomized multicenter comparison of conventional anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy in unplanned and elective coronary stenting. The full anticoagulation versus aspirin and ticlopidine (Fantastic) study.
Circulation
.
1998
;
98
:
1597
–1603

125

Schömig
A
, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery.
N Engl J Med
.
1996
;
334
:
1084
–1089

126

Leon
M
, Baim DS, Popma JJ. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronaryartery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators.
N Engl J Med
.
1998
;
339
:
1665
–1671

127

Bertrand
M
, Rupprecht H, Urban P, Gershlick A. Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin combined with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting.
Circulation
.
2000
;:

128

Alexander
JH
, Al-Khatib S, Cantor W. Highlights from the American College of Cardiology 48th Annual Scientific Sessions: March 7 to 10, 1999.
Am Heart J
.
1999
;
138
:
175
–190

129

Lancet
.
1997
;
349
:
1429
–1435

130

N Engl J Med
.
1998
;
338
:
1498
–1505

131

N Engl J Med
.
1998
;
338
:
1488
–1497

132

Circulation
.
1998
;
97
:
2386
–2395

133

Boersma
E
, Akkerhuis KM, Theroux P, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Simoons ML. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: early benefit during medical treatment only, with additional protection during percutaneous coronary intervention.
Circulation
.
1999
;
100
:
2045
–2048

134

N Engl J Med
.
1994
;
330
:
956
–961

135

N Engl J Med
.
1997
;
336
:
1689
–1696

136

Lancet
.
1998
;
352
:
87
–92

137

Lancet
.
1997
;
349
:
1422
–1428

138

Circulation
.
1997
;
96
:
1445
–1453

139

Brener
SJ
, Barr LA, Burchenal JE, Wolski KE, Effron MB, Topol EJ. Effect of abciximab on the pattern of reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. RAPPORT investigators. ReoPro And Primary PTCA Organization and Randomized Trial.
Am J Cardiol
.
1999
;
84
:
728
–730

140

N Engl J Med
.
1998
;
339
:
436
–443

141

N Engl J Med
.
1998
;
338
:
1488
–1497

142

Lancet
.
2000
;
355
:
337
–345

143

Circulation
.
1993
;
87
:
38
–52

144

Karlsson
JE
, Berglund U, Bjorkholm A, Ohlsson J, Swahn E, Wallentin L. Thrombolysis with recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator during instability in coronary artery disease: effect on myocardial ischemia and need for coronary revascularization. TRIC Study Group.
Am Heart J
.
1992
;
124
:
1419
–1426

145

Schreiber
TL
, Macina G, McNulty A. Urokinase plus heparin versus aspirin in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.
Am J Cardiol
.
1989
;
64
:
840
–844

146

Schreiber
TL
, Macina G, Bunnell P. Unstable angina or non-Q wave infarction despite long-term aspirin: response to thrombolytic therapy with implications on mechanisms.
Am Heart J
.
1990
;
120
:
248
–255

147

Schreiber
TL
, Rizik D, White C. Randomized trial of thrombolysis versus heparin in unstable angina.
Circulation
.
1992
;
86
:
1407
–1414

148

Lancet
.
1994
;
343
:
311
–322

149

Yusuf
S
, Flather M, Pogue J. Variations between countries in invasive and cardiac procedures and outcomes in patients with suspected unstable angina or myocardial infarction without initial ST elevation.
Lancet
.
1998
;
352
:
507
–514

150

Boden
WE
, O'Rourke RA, Crawford MH. Outcomes in patients with acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction randomly assigned to an invasive as compared with a conservative management strategy. Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies in Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial Investigators.
N Engl J Med
.
1998
;
338
:
1785
–1792

151

Lancet
.
1999
;
354
:
708
–715

152

Van Belle
E
, Lablanche JM, Bauters C, Renaud N, McFadden EP, Bertrand ME. Coronary angioscopic findings in the infarct-related vessel within 1 month of acute myocardial infarction: natural history and the effect of thrombolysis.
Circulation
.
1998
;
97
:
26
–33

153

Serruys
PW
, van Hout B, Bonnier H. Randomised comparison of implantation of heparin-coated stents with balloon angioplasty in selected patients with coronary artery disease (Benestent II).
Lancet
.
1998
;
352
:
673
–681

154

Lincoff
AM
. Trials of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists during percutaneous coronary revascularization.
Am J Cardiol
.
1998
;
82
:
36P
–42P

155

Lincoff
AM
, Califf RM, Anderson KM. Evidence for prevention of death and myocardial infarction with platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade by abciximab (c7E3 Fab) among patients with unstable angina undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization. EPIC Investigators. Evaluation of 7E3 in Preventing Ischemic Complications.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1997
;
30
:
149
–156

156

Ahmed
WH
, Bittl JA, Braunwald E. Relation between clinical presentation and angiographic findings in unstable angina pectoris, and comparison with that in stable angina.
Am J Cardiol
.
1993
;
72
:
544
–550

157

Rahimtoola
SH
, Fessler CL, Grunkemeier GL, Starr A. Survival 15 to 20 years after coronary bypass surgery for angina.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1993
;
21
:
151
–157

158

Naunheim
KS
, Fiore AC, Arango DC. Coronary artery bypass grafting for unstable angina pectoris: risk analysis.
Ann Thorac Surg
.
1989
;
47
:
569
–574

159

Yusuf
S
, Zucker D, Peduzzi P. Effects of CABG on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials.
Lancet
.
1994
;
344
:
563
–567

160

JAMA
.
1997
;
277
:
715
–721

161

Circulation
.
1996
;
93
:
847

162

Lancet
.
1993
;
341
:
573
–580

163

King
SB
3rd , Lembo NJ, Weintraub WS. A randomized trial comparing coronary angioplasty with coronary bypass surgery. Emory Angioplasty versus Surgery Trial (EAST).
N Engl J Med
.
1994
;
331
:
1044
–1050

164

Hamm
CW
, Reimers J, Ischinger T, Rupprecht HJ, Berger J, Bleifeld W. A randomized study of coronary angioplasty compared with bypass surgery in patients with symptomatic multivessel coronary disease. German Angioplasty Bypass Surgery Investigation (GABI).
N Engl J Med
.
1994
;
331
:
1037
–1043

165

Rodriguez
A
, Boullon F, Perez-Balino N, Paviotti C, Liprandi MI, Palacios IF. Argentine randomized trial of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass surgery in multivessel disease (ERACI): in-hospital results and 1-year follow-up. ERACI Group.
J Am Coll Cardiol
.
1993
;
22
:
1060
–1067

166

Lancet
.
1999
;
354
:
708
–715

167

Kontny
F
. Reactivation of the coagulation system: rationale for long-term antithrombotic treatment.
Am J Cardiol
.
1997
;
80
:
55E
–60E

168

Chen
L
, Chester MR, Redwood S, Huang J, Leatham E, Kaski JC. Angiographic stenosis progression and coronary events in patients with ‘stabilized’ unstable angina.
Circulation
.
1995
;
91
:
2319
–2324

169

Merlini
PA
, Bauer KA, Oltrona L. Persistent activation of coagulation mechanism in unstable angina and myocardial infarction.
Circulation
.
1994
;
90
:
61
–68

170

Lancet
.
1994
;
344
:
1383
–1389

171

Rossouw
JE
. Lipid-lowering interventions in angiographic trials.
Am J Cardiol
.
1995
;
76
:
86C
–92C

172

Pfeffer
MA
, Braunwald E, Moye LA. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators.
N Engl J Med
.
1992
;
327
:
669
–677

173

N Engl J Med
.
1991
;
325
:
293
–302

174

N Engl J Med
.
1992
;
327
:
685
–691

175

Collins
R
, Peto R, MacMahon S. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context.
Lancet
.
1990
;
335
:
827
–838

176

Rabbani
RTE
. Strategies to achieve coronary arterial plaque stabilization.
Cardiovasc Res
.
1999
;
41
:
402
–417

177

Yusuf
S
, Kostis JB, Pitt B. ACE inhibitors for myocardial infarction and unstable angina [letter; comment].
Lancet
.
1993
;
341
:
829

178

N Engl J Med
.
2000
;
342
:
145
–153

179

Yusuf
S
, Lonn E. Anti-ischemic effects of ACE inhibitors: review of current clinical evidence and ongoing trials.
Eur Heart J
.
1998
;
19
:
36
–44

180

Specchia
GDSS
, Falcone C, Bramucci E. Coronary arterial spasm as a cause of exercise-induced ST segment elevation in patients with variant angina.
Circulation
.
1979
;
59
:
948
–954

181

De Servi
SAE
, Marsico F, Bramucci E. Correlation between clinical and morphologic findings in unstable angina.
Am J Cardiol
.
1996
;
77
:
128
–132

182

Bertrand
M
, Lablanche J, Tilmant P. Frequency of provoked coronary arterial spasm in 1,089 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography.
Circulation
.
1982
;
65
:
1299
–1306

183

Previtali
MAD
, Barberis P, Panciroli C, Chimienti M, Salerno JA. Hyperventilation and ergonovine Tests in Prinzmetal's Variant Angina Pectoris in Men.
Am J Cardiol
.
1989
;
63
:
17
–20

184

Previtali
MPC
, De Ponti R, Chimienti M, Montemartini C, Salerno JA. Time-related decrease in sensitivity to ergonovine in patients with variant angina.
Am Heart J
.
1989
;
117
:
92
–99

185

Yasue
HWM
, Omote S, Takizawa K, Tanaka S. Coronary arterial spasm and Prinzmetal's variant angina reduced by hyperventilation and Tris-Buffer infusion.
Circulation
.
1978
;
58
:
56
–62

186

Severi
S
, Davies G, Maseri AMP, L'Abbate, A. Long-term prognosis of ‘variant’ angina with medical treatment.
Am J Cardiol
.
1980
;
46
:
226
–232

187

Bory
M
, Pierron F, Panagides D, Bonnet J. Coronary artery spasm in patients with normal or near normal coronary arteries.
Eur Heart J
.
1996
;
17
:
1015
–1021

188

Rovai
DB
, Baratto M. Organic coronary stenosis in Prinzemetal's variant angina.
J Cardiol
.
1997
;
30
:
299
–305

189

Scholl
JMVP
, Benacerraf A, Brau J, Hennetier G, Achard F. Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with vasospastic angina and no fixed significant coronary atherosclerosis.
Am Heart J
.
1988
;
115
:
559
–564

190

Hannebicque
G
, Lablanche J, Gommeaux A, Fourrier J, Bertrand M. Pronostic à long terme du spasme artériel coronaire.
Arch Mal Coeur
.
1990
;
83
:
461
–467

Article PDF first page preview

Article PDF first page preview
This content is only available as a PDF.