Maassen van den Brink, A.

Pharmacological evidence that Ca2+ channels and, to a lesser extent, K+ channels mediate the relaxation of testosterone in the canine basilar artery (Article)

2011-03-01T00:00:00Z

Testosterone induces vasorelaxation through non-genomic mechanisms in several isolated blood vessels, but no study has reported its effects on the canine basilar artery, an important artery implicated in cerebral vasospasm. Hence, this study has investigated the mechanisms involved in testosterone-induced relaxation of the canine basilar artery. For this purpose, the vasorelaxant effects of testosterone were evaluated in KCl- and/or PGF 2α-precontracted arterial rings in vitro in the absence or presence of several antagonists/inhibitors/blockers; the effect of testosterone on the contractile responses to CaCl2 was also determined. Testosterone (10-180 μM) produced concentration-dependent relaxations of KCl- or PGF2α-precontracted arterial rings which were: (i) unaffected by flutamide (10 μM), dl-aminoglutethimide (10 μM), actinomycin D (10 μM), cycloheximide (10 μM), SQ 22,536 (100 μM) or ODQ (30 μM); and (ii) significantly attenuated by the blockers 4-aminopyridine (KV; 1 mM), BaCl2 (KIR; 30 μM), iberiotoxin (BKCa2+; 20 nM), but not by glybenclamide (KATP; 10 μM). In addition, testosterone (31, 56 and 180 μM) and nifedipine (0.01-1 μM) produced a concentration-dependent blockade of the contraction to CaCl 2 (10 μM to 10 mM) in arterial rings depolarized by 60 mM KCl. These results, taken together, show that testosterone relaxes the canine basilar artery mainly by blockade of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and, to a lesser extent, by activation of K+ channels (KIR, KV and BKCa2+). This effect does not involve genomic mechanisms, production of cAMP/cGMP or the conversion of testosterone to 17β-estradiol.

Effects of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists on rat dural artery diameter in an intravital microscopy model (Article)

2010-07-01T00:00:00Z

Background and purpose: During migraine, trigeminal nerves may release calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), inducing cranial vasodilatation and central nociception; hence, trigeminal inhibition or blockade of craniovascular CGRP receptors may prevent this vasodilatation and abort migraine headache. Several preclinical studies have shown that glutamate receptor antagonists affect the pathophysiology of migraine. This study investigated whether antagonists of NMDA (ketamine and MK801), AMPA (GYKI52466) and kainate (LY466195) glutamate receptors affected dural vasodilatation induced by α-CGRP, capsaicin and periarterial electrical stimulation in rats, using intravital microscopy. Experimental approach: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetized and the overlying bone was thinned to visualize the dural artery. Then, vasodilator responses to exogenous (i.v. α-CGRP) and endogenous (released by i.v. capsaicin and periarterial electrical stimulation) CGRP were elicited in the absence or presence of the above antagonists. Key results: α-CGRP, capsaicin and periarterial electrical stimulation increased dural artery diameter. Ketamine and MK801 inhibited the vasodilator responses to capsaicin and electrical stimulation, while only ketamine attenuated those to α-CGRP. In contrast, GYKI52466 only attenuated the vasodilatation to exogenous α-CGRP, while LY466195 did not affect the vasodilator responses to endogenous or exogenous CGRP. Conclusions and implications: Although GYKI52466 has not been tested clinically, our data suggest that it would not inhibit migraine via vascular mechanisms. Similarly, the antimigraine efficacy of LY466195 seems unrelated to vascular CGRP-mediated pathways and/or receptors. In contrast, the cranial vascular effects of ketamine and MK801 may represent a therapeutic mechanism, although the same mechanism might contribute, peripherally, to cardiovascular side effects.

Current and prospective pharmacological targets in relation to antimigraine action (Article)

2008-10-01T00:00:00Z

Migraine is a recurrent incapacitating neurovascular disorder characterized by unilateral and throbbing headaches associated with photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. Current specific drugs used in the acute treatment of migraine interact with vascular receptors, a fact that has raised concerns about their cardiovascular safety. In the past, α-adrenoceptor agonists (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, isometheptene) were used. The last two decades have witnessed the advent of 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists (sumatriptan and second-generation triptans), which have a well-established efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine. Moreover, current prophylactic treatments of migraine include 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, Ca2+ channel blockers, and β-adrenoceptor antagonists. Despite the progress in migraine research and in view of its complex etiology, this disease still remains underdiagnosed, and available therapies are underused. In this review, we have discussed pharmacological targets in migraine, with special emphasis on compounds acting on 5-HT (5-HT1-7), adrenergic (α1, α2, and β), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP 1 and CGRP2), adenosine (A1, A2, and A3), glutamate (NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and metabotropic), dopamine, endothelin, and female hormone (estrogen and progesterone) receptors. In addition, we have considered some other targets, including gamma-aminobutyric acid, angiotensin, bradykinin, histamine, and ionotropic receptors, in relation to antimigraine therapy. Finally, the cardiovascular safety of current and prospective antimigraine therapies is touched upon.

Coronary Side Effects of Antimigraine Drugs From Patient to Receptor (Doctoral Thesis)

1999-12-22T00:00:00Z

Migraine is a paroxysmal neurological disorder, which occurs in 6% of males and 15-18% of females, with the highest prevalence between the ages of 25 and 55 years1,2. Attacks consist of moderate or severe headache, associated with nausea, vomiting, photo- and phonophobia3. The headache lasts 4 to 72 hours and increases with physical activity. The migraine attack may be resolved by sleep during or after the headache4. In about 15% of patients (migraine with aura), an aura may precede the migraine headache within about one hour. The aura usually consists of visual symptoms such as fortifications, scotoma or hemianopsia, but may also be sensory (paresthesia), motor- (weakness, paresis) or speech-related (dysarthria, aphasia)1. To study migraine scientifically, there is a clear need for uniform criteria to determine whether a patient is suffering from a migraine headache. In 1988, the International Headache Society (IHS) provided such criteria5 (see Table 1.1 for migraine without and with aura).

Coronary side-effect potential of current and prospective antimigraine drugs (Article)

1998-01-01T00:00:00Z

BACKGROUND: The antimigraine drugs ergotamine and sumatriptan may cause angina-like symptoms, possibly resulting from coronary artery constriction. We compared the coronary vasoconstrictor potential of a number of current and prospective antimigraine drugs (ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, methysergide and its metabolite methylergometrine, sumatriptan, naratriptan, zolmitriptan, rizatriptan, avitriptan). METHODS AND RESULTS: Concentration-response curves to the antimigraine drugs were constructed in human isolated coronary artery segments to obtain the maximum contractile response (Emax) and the concentration eliciting 50% of Emax (EC50). The EC50 values were related to maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) reported in patients, obtaining Cmax/EC50 ratios as an index of coronary vasoconstriction occurring in the clinical setting. Furthermore, we studied the duration of contractile responses after washout of the acutely acting antimigraine drugs to assess their disappearance from the receptor biophase. Compared with sumatriptan, all drugs were more potent (lower EC50 values) in contracting the coronary artery but had similar efficacies (Emax <25% of K+-induced contraction). The Cmax of avitriptan was 7- to 11-fold higher than its EC50 value, whereas those of the other drugs were <40% of their respective EC50 values. The contractile responses to ergotamine and dihydroergotamine persisted even after repeated washings, but those to the other drugs declined rapidly after washing. CONCLUSIONS: All current and prospective antimigraine drugs contract the human coronary artery in vitro, but in view of low efficacy, these drugs are unlikely to cause myocardial ischemia at therapeutic plasma concentrations in healthy subjects. In patients with coronary artery disease, however, these drugs must remain contraindicated. The sustained contraction by ergotamine and dihydroergotamine seems to be an important disadvantage compared with sumatriptan-like drugs.