http://repub.eur.nl/res/aut/1131/ List of Publications en http://repub.eur.nl/static-eur/img/logo.png http://repub.eur.nl http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39824/ 2013-04-08T00:00:00Z In general, the issue of climate change is characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and multifacetedness. In the Netherlands, climate change is in above highly controversial. These characteristics make it difficult to realize adaptation measures that are perceived as legitimate. In this article, we analyze the main difficulties and dilemmas with regard to the issue of legitimacy in the context of climate adaptation. We conceptualize legitimacy from a legal, a planning, and a network perspective and show how the concept of legitimacy evolves within these three perspectives. From a legal perspective, the focus is on the issues of good governance. From a planning perspective, the focus is on the flexibility, learning, and governance capacity. From a network perspective, issues of dialogue, involvement, and support are important. These perspectives bring in different criteria, which are not easy compatible. We describe and illustrate these legitimacy challenges using an in-depth study of the Dutch IJsseldelta Zuid case. From our case study, we conclude that, from a legitimacy perspective, the often acclaimed necessity to be adaptive and flexible is quite problematic. The same holds true for the plea to mainstream adaptation into other policy domains. In our case study, these strategies give rise to serious challenges in relation to good governance and consensus-two indispensable cornerstones of legitimacy. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37518/ 2012-12-01T00:00:00Z Due to changes in the Dutch flood management paradigm, governance practices have been shifting from technocratic and state-oriented towards more collaborative governance approaches in which many governmental actors, together with private and societal actors, search out integral solutions. This shift has had an impact on how water management is legitimized. This paper evaluates two water governance processes that reflect the new management paradigm in different ways, and analyzes how these changing paradigms influence the democratic legitimacy of water governance. It is concluded that the extent to which the new paradigm is implemented influences the way in which democratic legitimacy is organized. It is also shown that new forms of democratic legitimacy do not replace existing ones but rather contribute to hybrid and contextualized forms of legitimacy. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/34812/ 2012-06-12T00:00:00Z The mission-oriented turn as proposed in the 2009 Lund declaration advocates ‘research addressing the Grand Challenges of our time, moving beyond the current rigid thematic approaches’. This contribution exposes how such research is taken up in the Dutch ‘Integral Planning and Design in the southwest Delta’ (IPDD) project2, specifying the challenges of spatial design in the context of societal complexity and sustainability transitions. To redefine societies’ challenges is to redefine the task of spatial design, as well as its relations with governance and data management. One of the key questions raised in the project is therefore the following: In what way do the composed nature and complex dynamics of the delta areas on the one hand and the anticipation to future transformations and transitions on the other hand put new demands on the form, function and role of spatial design in reaching synchronized/integrated/interconnected delta area development? http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38578/ 2011-12-01T00:00:00Z Adaptation to climate change raises important governance issues. Notwithstanding the increasing attention on climate adaptation at the global and European level, the variety of local conditions and climate impacts points towards a prime role for regional actors in climate change adaptation. They face the challenge of developing and implementing adaptation options and increasing the adaptive capacity of regions so that expected or unexpected impacts of future climate change can be addressed. This paper presents a conceptual framework to analyse the regional governance of climate adaptation. It addresses the following key questions: (1) What are the distinct challenges for the regional governance of climate adaptation? (2) Which concepts can guide the design of new governance arrangements and strategies? (3) What challenges to legal principles are posed by the climate? (4) What research methods are suitable for developing and testing governance arrangements and strategies? We present a framework designed to address each of these questions; it has analytical, design, normative, and methodological components. In the paper, examples from the Dutch regional governance of climate adaptation serve as illustrations of the conceptual argumentation. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/26621/ 2011-10-01T00:00:00Z This article analyzes the process of knowledge co-production between experts, bureaucrats and stakeholders in two Dutch water management projects. The methods used for coproduction are analyzed, along with the impact of the resulting knowledge on the decision-making process. Based on the cases, it is concluded that knowledge co-production between experts and bureaucrats is not very problematic, because of discipline congruence and institutionalized relations between the two in Dutch water management. Knowledge co-production between stakeholders on the one hand and experts and bureaucrats on the other is more problematic and leads to problems of legitimacy in knowledge production and decision-making. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/31299/ 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Inleiding Hogere eisen infrastructuur voor kennis en innovatie De samenleving stelt steeds hogere eisen aan het handelen van de overheid, zowel als het gaat om de snelheid van handelen als de kwaliteit van het resultaat. De overheid wordt vandaag afgerekend op het vermogen om knelpunten snel op te lossen met afnemende middelen, en morgen beoordeeld op de toekomstbestendigheid van de resultaten van deze acties. Vandaag hebben snel en goedkoop de meeste aandacht en morgen wordt meewarig bericht over te snelle acties met ongewenste effecten en nagelaten acties die met de kennis van achteraf toch zo evident zijn. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/21452/ 2010-11-30T00:00:00Z Abstract. This article analyzes the relationship between the processes of policy making, management and research and the way in which the Westerschelde estuary developed be- tween 1985 and 2006. The Westerschelde has three core functions: economically: it makes the port of Antwerp ac- cessible; ecologically: it generates habitats for certain unique species; and in terms of safety: its morphology helps pre- venting the hinterland from being flooded. We analyze how the processes of policymaking, management and analysis fo- cused on these three aspects, and how they in turn affected the physical system of the Westerschelde. We proceed to develop a framework for evaluating the pol- icy making, management and esearch and how this impacts the Westerschelde. We apply this framework to twenty years of policy making on, management of, and research about the Westerschelde. We conclude that policy, management and research, due to learning effects, take the dynamics of the Westerschelde into account to a greater extent than they have in the past, but there exist a real probability for old routines to return. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/21992/ 2010-11-01T00:00:00Z Airports increasingly are contested areas where many sustainability aspects are relevant. Especially in cases where airport development and urban development coincide, the actors involved are engaged in decision-making processes where only a small subset of the broader scope of sustainability issues is discussed. In this article we use a conceptual framework building on complexity theory to shed light on this phenomenon and its consequences for the case of Schiphol Airport in The Netherlands. First, we analyze the systemic causes for the narrow debate about sustainability. We then use the framework to recommend ways forward to broaden the debate about the sustainable development of airports by creating the institutional space for a reflexive and collaborative dialogue. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/20795/ 2010-10-01T00:00:00Z Public ambitions have traditionally been implemented by line managers. Project management has become more prevalent in recent decades, especially in the domain of spatial investments. Recently, a new branch of management has emerged: program management. This can be seen as an attempt to overcome the fragmentation caused by several autonomous project organizations working side by side in the larger regional system.This paper describes the application of program management in comparison with project management. Both these types of management are aimed at integrating interrelated activities that are otherwise dealt with separately. Program management also aims to synchronize project implementation trajectories.A case study is conducted of a program management experiment in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region, where an analysis of how program and project management compete and complement each other is conducted. The case study shows that program management will not and cannot be a substitute for project management, but that attempts to combine the strengths of both have to be made. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/31293/ 2010-06-06T00:00:00Z INLEIDING: De manier waarop we naar de werkelijkheid kijken, bepaalt hoe we ermee omgaan. Of, om het met het bekende Thomas theorema te zeggen: “If men define situations as real, they become real in their consequences”. Zo kan het gebeuren dat een interpretatie van een fenomeen verandert en van daaruit consequenties heeft voor de voorzieningen die we treffen om met het fenomeen om te gaan, zonder dat het fenomeen sterk veranderd is. Ook is het andersom mogelijk dat onze interpretatie hetzelfde blijft, terwijl buiten ons zicht het fenomeen wel sterk verandert. We treffen dan geen voorzieningen, terwijl de effecten van de veranderingen van het fenomeen vroeg of laat consequenties zullen hebben. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/19901/ 2010-04-08T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/19899/ 2010-04-02T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/26359/ 2010-02-01T00:00:00Z In this article we answer the question how Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) may assist collaborative planning. We argue that successful collaborative planning generates specific demands on the production of policy-relevant knowledge, which SEA may help to meet. Important criteria for usable knowledge in governance processes are its interactive production, its flexible character to cope with the dynamics of collaborative processes, its openness to stakeholder involvement, and its focus on close interplay between policy and knowledge developers. The SEA procedure may fit well into collaborative planning processes, depending on how policy makers apply and use this procedure. From two rather controversial Dutch planning cases we learn that SEA, applied wisely, plays an important role in realizing meaningful stakeholder involvement, joint fact-finding and interaction between lay people and experts, agreement about the policy problem, the alternative solutions and their effects, and knowledge which is feasible to facilitate decision-making in a context of highly polarized positions and value-laden conflicts. We can conclude that SEA seems to be perhaps not formally intended to facilitate collaborative governance processes, but that it can do so when the users translate its principles in accordance to the general principles of successful collaborative governance and joint fact finding. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/19896/ 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/22072/ 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/17641/ 2009-11-01T00:00:00Z Het kennisprogramma Leven met Water is in het leven geroepen om fundamentele oplossingen te vinden voor de toekomstige watervraagstukken die steeds complexer worden. De wetenschap is in staat die complexiteit te analyseren, maar heeft vervolgens de praktijk nodig om die analyse te vertalen in bruikbare oplossingen. Het schrijven van een proefschrift is heel anders dan de inrichting van een baggerdepot. De praktijk biedt vraagstukken die de wetenschap kan oplossen. In een kennisprogramma als Leven met Water kunnen beide werelden bijeen worden gebracht door projecten te faciliteren, die wetenschappers en praktijkmensen dwingen vooraf samen goed na te denken over de onderzoeksvraag. Dit artikel beschrijft tien lessen uit Leven met Water. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/34902/ 2009-08-12T00:00:00Z Innovations in public policy are difficult to realize if decision-making arrangements are not scrutinized at the same time. Rigid institutional arrangements often hinder the realization of policy breakthroughs. Consequently, in the day-to-day practice of public administration, more and more experiments with innovative arrangements towards realizing groundbreaking policy decisions are being seen. Two rather different examples of such arrangements in the Dutch context are transition arenas and pilot projects (proeftuinen). In this article we describe these arrangements from an innovation management perspective and evaluate their functioning by focusing on their approaches to two dilemmas: the dilemma between diversity and closedness within the innovation plans and the dilemma between openness and closedness of the plan in relation to its context, the outside world. From their comparison we can learn about the context-specific application of different innovation plans and the results of different ways of handling these innovation dilemmas. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/16132/ 2009-07-01T00:00:00Z In many countries around the world impacts of climate change are assessed and adaptation options identified. We describe an approach for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of adaptation options to respond to climate change in the Netherlands. The study introduces an inventory and ranking of adaptation options based on stakeholder analysis and expert judgement, and presents some estimates of incremental costs and benefits. The qualitative assessment focuses on ranking and prioritisation of adaptation options. Options are selected and identified and discussed by stakeholders on the basis of a sectoral approach, and assessed with respect to their importance, urgency and other characteristics by experts. The preliminary quantitative assessment identifies incremental costs and benefits of adaptation options. Priority ranking based on a weighted sum of criteria reveals that in the Netherlands integrated nature and water management and risk based policies rank high, followed by policies aiming at 'climate proof' housing and infrastructure. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/17690/ 2009-06-01T00:00:00Z To assess the effectiveness of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) we distinguish between its contribution to the quality of the ultimate policy choice (usefulness, applicability), the procedural quality of the planning process (transparency, timeliness) and the quality of stakeholder participation in the planning process (openness, equity, dialogue). In the context of two case studies involving Dutch planning practice, we argue that when and how an SEA is applied is crucial to understanding its effectiveness, and show that effectiveness depends upon its alignment with, and embedding in, the planning process. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/19894/ 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/26364/ 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z SAMENVATTENDE CONCLUSIE: Aan de RMNO is gevraagd om een advies uit te brengen aan het Ministerie van Verkeer & Waterstaat, dat ingaat op het bestuurlijk vermogen rond watervraagstukken als onderdeel van gebiedsontwikkeling. In welke mate zijn de betrokken actoren in staat oplossingen voor watervraagstukken te realiseren? Hoe kan dit vermogen vergroot worden? Onze conclusie, aan de hand van een steekproef van zeven gebieden die we hebben onderzocht, is dat het bestuurlijk vermogen lijkt toe te nemen, maar de complexiteit van de vraagstukken ook. Er is een cumulatie van maatschappelijke wensen in gebieden, en het proces van integratie of synchronisatie van de doelen van verschillende gebiedspartijen wordt lastiger. De watergovernance is aangeland in een fase waar met name expliciet aandacht nodig is voor de manier waarop de communicatie en interactie tussen het nationaal waterbeleid en regionaal ruimtelijk beleid is vormgegeven.... http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/13398/ 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/10165/ 2007-06-07T00:00:00Z In this paper we analyse the role of knowledge management in the policy process about the Development Plan 2010 for the Scheldt Estuary (a Dutch-Flemish river basin). The conflicts of interests around this package of measures are sharp. Therefore, knowledge is often strategically used in order to defend stakeholders’ own preferences. The project organisation (ProSes) that prepares the Development Plan organised a joint fact-finding process in order to reach ‘shared knowledge’. In this paper we evaluate this process. Especially the relations between the joint fact-finding process and the traditional democratic decision-making process and the separate organisations, which form part of the policy network, seem to be problematic. We formulate some conclusions about the possibilities and limitations of knowledge management within complex policy processes. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/10166/ 2007-06-07T00:00:00Z There are important reasons to look at the phenomenon of institutional design more closely both theoretically and empirically. We do that in this paper by first exploring the phenomenon theoretically. We build on network theory to work out a conceptual scheme with which we can analyse interventions in the institutional characteristics of networks. With this conceptual scheme we analyse the institutional design interventions of the European Union in the national fishery networks. In this case we trace the influence of these interventions on the Dutch fishery network between 1990 and 2000. For that we make a detailed analysis of the changes in rules within the network and try to assess the impact that the EU interventions have on that change. So the rules and changes in rules are being treated as the dependent variable and the changes in strategies of the actors (partly) in reaction on the interventions of the EU which affect these the independent variable. Section 2 contains as mentioned the conceptual framework that has been developed. In section 3 we discuss the Dutch fisheries network and its relation to the European Union. We then sketch the most important rules in the 1990-2000 period (section 4). In section 5 the EU interventions and the developments in the Dutch fishery network are outlined. Then we analyse the results of the process of institutional redesign (section 6). Finally, we address the consequences and impact of the EU intervention especially for the typically Dutch construction of the Product Corporation (section 7). http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/11548/ 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z This article focuses on the strategies and processes of institutional design. It starts by recognizing that politicians often try to change institutional structures of networks and therefore more theoretical and empirical attention for these strategies is needed. First, the article provides a brief theoretical framework for understanding institutional changes and identifying institutional design strategies. Then it illustrates the framework by in-depth empirical research of the institutional changes in the Dutch fishery network as a result of the interventions of the European Union. The article first elaborates the strategic interventions of the EU and then traces the changes of rules as constructed and reconstructed by the actors in the network. The article ends by assessing the influence of the EU interventions and also by presenting some reflections on the concept of institutional design. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/21520/ 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/8131/ 2006-11-23T00:00:00Z This Ph.D. thesis gives more insight in the way knowledge can be managed in the context of dynamic, complex, long- term spatial development processes. Knowledge management in spatial development processes have to acknowledge the multiplicity of knowledge. Knowledge embraces factual knowledge, socially constructed perceptions and values, and know-how (competencies of actors, social and institutional capital). Policy-processes consist of three parallel tracks which develop sometimes independently and sometimes in mutual interaction. These tracks are a track of fact-finding in which factual knowledge (e.g. impact assessments, costs-benefits analyses) is produced; a track of image building in which actors construct (more or less shared) interpretations of the policy-problem and the preferable solution; and a track of consensus-formation in which actors try to find a collective and feasible ambition and concrete measures. Knowledge management has to do with organizing the tracks of fact- finding and image-construction independently in order to realize qualitative, independent facts and an open and democratic process of frame reflection and deliberation, but also with organizing these tracks in coherence with the track of consensus-formation in order to realize effective, well-reasoned, and supported decisions. Competent decision-making consist of balancing between investments in the unity of the policy process as a whole and in the power of the constituting tracks. These three tracks and their (independent and interrelated) development can benefit from different sources of governance capacity (actor capacity, social capacity, institutional capacity) within the governance network in which they take place. The task for knowledge management in governance processes with regard to this knowledge form is to mobilize and utilize these "sources of competence" in a policy round and to consolidate their development through subsequent policy rounds. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/7710/ 2006-05-09T00:00:00Z In this paper, a first attempt is made to give more insight into the challenges for knowledge management of governance processes. Therefore a perspective on knowledge management inspired by complexity theory is developed and applied on a specific governance project in the Netherlands. It seems to be that complexity theory can offer interesting insights in order to understand the fundamental changes we can see in the way ‘government governs’ our society. After all, governance approaches are intended to mobilise different actors with different interests and frames of references in an interactive process that is located on the boundaries of traditional organisations and institutions. These processes are in essence self-organising (Pierry en Peters, 2000). In its applied form, complexity theory gives handsome insights to understand ‘governance’ (cf. Kiel, 1994). It gives us also insight in the way knowledge for governance is created and how knowledge management can be filled in, in situations of complexity and chaos. This perspective upon knowledge management for governance is in this paper confronted with two other perspectives, a rational and an argumentative perspective. An empirical illustration is given by analysing the Dutch Communities of Practice approach in spatial planning. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/10654/ 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z Recently, a new initiative has entered the Dutch policy-arena of spatial planning, water management and nature preservation: the so-called Community of Practice (COP). Within such a COP actors with very different backgrounds (experts, inhabitants, officials, stakeholders) participate and try to find creative solutions for persistent political and societal problems by combining conflicting spatial functions in specific areas. From a complex adaptive systems point of view, we analyze the logic and functioning of such a COP. From the literature on complexity and innovation we can learn that staying at the edge of chaos for COPs mean that they not only have to maintain an internal process of co-evolution between the very different actors involved, but also have to maintain relations of co-evolution with their wider environment. After an in-depth case study ‘Gouwe Wiericke’ we conclude that COPs can produce innovative policy results, but reaching ‘bounded instability’ through sustainable co-evolution requires careful balancing acts between extremes. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/10681/ 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z In 2003 hebben wij met enkele andere onderzoekers het Stimuleringsprogramma Burger en Milieubeleid van het Nederlandse Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieu (VROM) geëvalueerd met behulp van een lerende evaluatieaanpak (zie Edelenbos, e.a., 2003). Dit programma moest het milieubeleid meer van, voor en door de burger maken. We hebben dit onderzoek ‘anders dan anders’ aangepakt, met name om een grotere doorwerking van de studie te bewerkstelligen. Daarom hebben we gaandeweg een ‘lerende evaluatie’ vormgegeven, die gericht was op daadwerkelijke gedragsverandering en leermomenten voor het betrokken programmateam. Tegelijk was de evaluatie klassiek, in de zin dat de politiek-bestuurlijke top en de volksvertegenwoordiging moesten kunnen beoordelen of het programma voortgezet moest worden. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/7098/ 2005-11-18T00:00:00Z In this article, the authors theoretically and empirically explore the concept of learning evaluation. They shed light on the positioning of the learning evaluation amid scholarly work on evaluations. Moreover, they describe the learning evaluation in practice in the Netherlands by going into a specific project called the Stimulation Program on Citizen and Environment. The theoretical and empirical quest gives insights into the problems with and possibilities of the learning evaluation. They think that their experiences can help the further development of theory about learning evaluation as well as aid in the practice of such evaluations. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/7015/ 2005-11-01T00:00:00Z In controversiële besluit-vormingsprocessen wordt er zwaar en hevig gevochten over de 'feiten' die gebruikt worden door betrokken partijen ter onderbouwing van hun beleidsstandpunten. Kennis van wetenschappers en professionals is niet onomstreden. De stelling 'over de feiten kunnen we het nog wel eens worden' lijkt in dat opzicht bekritiseerbaar. Kennis is ook (naast bekende tegenstellingen in belang, zienswijze en waarden) onderwerp van strijd in actuele besluitvormingsprocessen. Juist daar waar belangen, zienswijzen en waarden met elkaar botsen, wordt kennis over de feiten vaak gebruikt ter legitimering van de eigen standpunten en het onderuit halen van andermans standpunten. In toenemende mate lijkt het genereren van algemeen aanvaarde feiten lastig te worden. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/6986/ 2005-10-13T00:00:00Z Dit artikel wil in de eerste plaats licht werpen op de plaats van de lerende evaluatie temidden van de stortvloed aan wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar evaluatiestudies. Aan de hand van een analyse van een door de auteurs uitgevoerd lerend evaluatieproject komen zij tot een nadere plaatsbepaling van de lerende evaluatie. Deze ervaringen kunnen de theorievorming rond de lerende evaluatie maar ook de praktijk van dergelijke evaluatiestudies verder brengen. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/16576/ 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z In besluitvormingsprocessen zijn twee vragen dominant: de effectiviteitsvraag en de passend-heidsvraag. Bij de eerste vraag gaat het om feiten, terwijl het bij de tweede vraag gaat om normen die aan beleidshandelen ten grondslag liggen. Zowel die feiten als die normen staan veelvuldig ter discussie in het besluitvormingsproces. Om consensus te bereiken worden vor-men van joint fact-finding, respectievelijk alternatieve geschillenbeslechting en interactieve beleidsvorming als remedie gezien. Dit genereert het fenomeen van forumverdichting waar-door het aantal mogelijkheden voor strategische interacties toeneemt. Daarmee worden naast feiten en normen ook besluitvormingsforums tot potentieel onderwerp van onderhandeling. Actoren zoeken een forum dat het beste aansluit bij hun belangen: zij gaan forum-shoppen. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1848/ 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z An increasing stream of monitoring activities has entered the public sector. In the Netherlands there are hundreds of monitors on a wide range, so it can be stated that monitoring is fashionable in the Netherlands. But monitoring seems to be functional, too. Without monitoring, organisations would not even survive. Research about the use of research information and evaluations makes clear that information is not always used in a direct and transparent way. This statement raises three, interrelated research questions, which we try to answer in our paper: (1) What is the amount and the character of (intragovernmental) monitors in the public sector in the Netherlands? (2) What forms of utilisation can be distilled and how are intragovernmental monitors used in practice? (3) How do these functions of monitors relate to recent insights in the complexity of governmental performance and the role information can play in complex systems? The paper concludes with the observation that the current mode of monitoring is dominated by rationalistic assumptions. Important functions from a complexity perspective, as learning and communicating, seem to be underestimated. Monitoring is fashionable, but it seems to be less functional. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/21522/ 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z Recent is het besluit gevallen over de verdieping van de Westerschelde. Een onderzoek van de auteurs laat zien dat niet alleen een positieve maatschappelijke kosten-batenanalyse maar ook een interactief proces gericht op overeenstemming tussen overheden en stakeholders, hebben bijgedragen aan een breed gedragen en integraal besluit over de toekomst van het Schelde-estuarium. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/7103/ 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z In besluitvormingsprocessen zijn twee vragen dominant: de effectiviteitsvraag en de passend-heidsvraag. Bij de eerste vraag gaat het om feiten, terwijl het bij de tweede vraag gaat om normen die aan beleidshandelen ten grondslag liggen. Zowel die feiten als die normen staan veelvuldig ter discussie in het besluitvormingsproces. Om consensus te bereiken worden vor-men van joint fact-finding, respectievelijk alternatieve geschillenbeslechting en interactieve beleidsvorming als remedie gezien. Dit genereert het fenomeen van forumverdichting waar-door het aantal mogelijkheden voor strategische interacties toeneemt. Daarmee worden naast feiten en normen ook besluitvormingsforums tot potentieel onderwerp van onderhandeling. Actoren zoeken een forum dat het beste aansluit bij hun belangen: zij gaan forum-shoppen. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1759/ 2004-10-19T00:00:00Z Session 5: Knowledge society http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1467/ 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z De afgelopen jaren is er veel discussie over de noodzakelijkheid van een nieuwe balans tussen ecologische en economische waarden. Breed wordt erkend dat het tijd is om te zoeken naar nieuwe verhoudingen tussen deze, vaak strijdige, belangen (zie Weggeman, 2003). De visserij is één van de sectoren waarin deze discussie wordt gevoerd. Onder aanvoering van haar brancheorganisaties probeert de visserij de ‘vergroening’ van het visserijbeleid in een voor haar wenselijke richting te sturen. Het ministerie van Landbouw en de Europese Commissie trachten daarentegen de sector te stimuleren en zonodig te dwingen meer duurzame vormen van visserij te ontwikkelen. Het Productschap Vis heeft een lastige positie in deze discussie. Enerzijds behoort het de belangen van de sector te verdedigen, anderzijds moet het schap ook het algemeen belang behartigen. Het moet voortdurend inschatten wat het wel en niet kan, gegeven de opvattingen in de sector over wederzijdse domeinen en geëigende praktijken, ofwel de geldende institutionele verhoudingen. In dit artikel wil ik ingaan op de vraag hoe het schap invulling geeft aan zijn positie binnen deze spanningsvolle institutionele structuren. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1531/ 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z De positie van het Productschap Vis is in de afgelopen jaren sterk onder druk komen te staan. Deze positiewijziging is terug te voeren op veranderingen in de institutionele structuur van het netwerk. Deze wijzigt onder invloed van netwerkexterne en –interne ontwikkelingen en dwingt het schap tot een andere rolinvulling. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1651/ 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z Analysing knowledge use in policy processes around contested topics requires a new research approach. Traditional research on knowledge for policy assumes a one-to-one relationship (which is often imperfect) between science and policy as two separate worlds. Science, technology and society studies teach us that knowledge for policy is a joint construct of the research and the policy community and is not produced in isolated worlds. This article argues that the main problem for knowledge use lies in the subdivision between different competing ‘knowledge coalitions’ of researchers and policy-makers. Conflicting knowledge is the result. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1849/ 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/852/ 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z Volgens de Algemene Rekenkamer waren er 545 zelfstandige bestuursorganen in Nederland in 1993. De kritiek van de Rekenkamer op met name de regeling van de ministeri?le verantwoordelijkheid voor deze organen, leidde tot een forse aanscherping van het zbo-beleid. Het ligt in de verwachting dat deze aanscherping heeft geleid tot een daling van het aantal zbo's. De inventarisatie in dit artikel laat zien dat het absolute aantal zbo?s inderdaad is gedaald, maar dat er van een daling van het verzelfstandigingstempo beslist geen sprake is, eerder het tegendeel. In 2000 waren er tenminste 431 zbo's in Nederland. Sinds 1993 zijn er door fusies, wetswijzigingen en een definitie-strijd 324 zbo's opgeheven, maar zijn ook 207 nieuwe zbo's opgericht. Dat betekent dat bijna 50% van de zbo's die in 2000 bestond, na het verschijnen van het rapport van de Rekenkamer is opgericht.