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family parent loneliness support children obligation country household adult people difference adult children level remittances netherland dykstra journal relationship respondent european partner health exchange study contact europe table ageing marriage gender model women education network family obligation norms solidarity fi lial obligation divorce group fi lial norms member jong gierveld migrant familialism filiale university pattern support exchange income effect european countries fokkema family members society 0.01 research emigrants likelihood norme generation sample support exchanges eenzaamheid *** analyses number status familialism type enfant late-life families migration survey emigration intentions erasmus university late-life ageing parents variable gierveld spain population