Wagenmakers, E-J.

model nonword effect feature decision trace evidence memory performance information alternative response frequency result accumulation probe rem-ld stimuli experiment lf words stimulus subject figure process study processing word frequency hf words presentation shiffrin rem-ld model repetition value letter criterion probability target paradigm ratio word recognition psychology review recognition word frequency effect odds ratio frequency words deadline signal-to-respond system journal account number block context activation both-primed benefit nonword stimuli phonological signal-to-respond paradigm benefit sm 89 model unit criterion /semantic increase decision task /semantic trace identification processing time counter model ratcliff mckoon van orden wagenmaker word-like nonwords both-primed word-like /semantic traces accuracy nonword lexicality mechanism