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strain fracture trabecular tissue property cancellous bone element cancellou trabecular core effect group study trabecular bone modulu specimen osteoblast model bone loss volume level result vertebrae cavity fracture group method value density trabeculae 1/2 sample stiffness resorption volume fraction tissue modulus erk 1/2 phosphorylation difference resorption cavities distribution osteoporotic control direction moduli architecture matrix voxel sizes phosphorylation differentiation gray-value method osteoporosis strength fracture risk thresholding osteoporotic vertebrae increase voxel journal structure biomech gray-value fraction trabecula osteogenic factors strain distribution stretch stress change decrease loading fracture samples homminga material patient biomechanic relation osteogenic experiment van-rietbergen factor figure bone volume