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effect spacing study spacing effect memory repetition condition participant experiment group interval student class retrieval journal psychology spacing effects performance knowledge processing level result study-phase retrieval model occurrence study-phase context instruction number background testing inter-repetition mechanism presentation concept analysis representation verkoeijen theory inter-repetition interval cued-memory tasks recognition testing effect laboratory data expert study time children information study-phase retrieval mechanism spacing e ffect function cognition target study list procedure language hypothesis account error woorden laboratory element score contextual control group process experiment 2 statistic problem expertise finding category russo cued-memory once-presented property table prediction protocol phase