Liu, T.C.

student effect object condition ef ficiency environment picture study media information comprehension sweller plant split-attention redundancy redundancy effects ficiency material device comprehension test result redundancy effect leaf morphology split-attention effect education load theory technology theory computer mayer performance comprehension performance / computers tpo condition system tp condition knowledge score research combination science journal morphology multimedia design version instruction chandler item identi fied characteristic memory psychology source anova hypotheses van merrienboer model example screen 172–180 school difference split-attention effects pilot study future research question modality effect hypothesis identi experience huang subject university renkl identi fied merrienboer psychology review participant phyllotaxy modality