http://repub.eur.nl/res/aut/47495/ List of Publications en http://repub.eur.nl/static-eur/img/logo.png http://repub.eur.nl http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39887/ 2013-04-01T00:00:00Z The authors present the first cross-national comparison of more than 300 national campaigns for charitable causes in the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United States for the period 1950 to 2011. The authors study frequency and amounts raised, discuss successful and failed campaigns, and review the literature with regard to potential determinants of success. The authors group these determinants into three categories: (a) perceived characteristics of recipients, notably their need, agency, and blamelessness; (b) donor characteristics, such as geographical and cultural proximity, a gain in status or reputation, and material incentives; and (c) structural characteristics of the giving regime, such as the frequency and media formats of campaigns, fundraising rules and regulations, and trust. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39888/ 2013-04-01T00:00:00Z In this study, we investigate the success of national campaigns for charitable causes in the Netherlands using historical data from archival sources, including newspapers, and the internet. We describe the 102 national campaigns held in the Netherlands between 1951 and 2011, focusing on uniquely Dutch contextual features such as a society organized along vertical pillars and highly formalized collaboration between international aid organizations. We then formulate and test hypotheses concerning possible explanations for the success of national campaigns as a specific type of fundraising campaign. We focus on the effect of campaigns organized for "innocent" victims, versus campaigns organized for victims of man-made disasters, the effect of media coverage on campaigns, campaign frequency, government contributions, and economic conditions. The results show that campaigns for victims of man-made disasters are less successful. Campaigns organized in periods of fewer competing campaigns and campaigns receiving government support are more successful. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38236/ 2012-03-01T00:00:00Z ABSTRACT Previous research has demonstrated that the generally positive relationship between age and the presence of charitable giving becomes negative at the oldest ages. We investigate potential causes of this drop in charitable giving among the oldest old including changes in health, cognition, egocentric networks, religious attendance, and substitution of charitable bequest planning. A longitudinal analysis of data from the United States Health and Retirement Survey indicates that the drop in charitable giving is mediated largely by changes in the frequency of church attendance, with only modest influences from changes in health and cognition. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/31782/ 2012-02-01T00:00:00Z In research on philanthropy, much attention has been given to the impact of the actual economic costs of giving. This paper argues that the perceived psychological costs of giving should also be taken into consideration when seeking to understand donations to charitable organizations. It is already known that people differ in their attitudes towards money, and that money attitudes are mostly independent from income, but these findings have been largely overlooked in the study of philanthropy and altruism. This paper seeks to rectify that omission by investigating the relationship between charitable giving and money perceptions. The analyses show that, regardless of the actual financial resources held by a donor, the size of their donations is negatively affected by feelings of retention (a careful approach to money) and inadequacy (people who worry about their financial situation). We conclude that an understanding of money perceptions is an additional important factor in the understanding of charitable behaviour. Fundraising professionals should not only select potential donors based on their absolute financial capacities but also take the potential donor's own financial perceptions into account when asking for donations. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/31783/ 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z Much is known about motivations for giving to charities generally. However, much less has been identified about bequestors as a unique type of charitable donor. This paper explores the motives and barriers for charitable bequest giving. Hypotheses are drawn from the general philanthropic literature and tested using survey data from Australia, a nation distinguished by very high lifetime (inter vivos) giving but low estate (post mortem) giving. The results show that belief in the efficacy of charitable organizations is requisite for leaving a bequest, as the deceased donor has no control over the enactment of the gift. This effect is mediated by the perceived difficulty of making a charitable bequest, which forms an important barrier for leaving such a legacy. Having family whose financial needs are perceived as not taken care of and the perception of financial inability to make a difference also form barriers for bequest giving. The results confirm that bequests constitute a distinctive charitable behaviour, with unique motives and barriers compared to other types of inter vivos giving. While charitable behaviour in general is driven by altruistic attitudes and political and religious values, as well as social reputation, these factors do not affect charitable bequest making as expected. Surprisingly, we find a negative relationship between financial resources and the inclination to leave a charitable bequest. The article ends with suggestions for ways charities might connect more meaningfully with their bequestors or with donors who might consider bequeathing to them. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32738/ 2011-11-01T00:00:00Z Introduction This special issue of the International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing presents a collection of nine papers testing mechanisms that drive philanthropic behaviour. These mechanisms are based on our literature review studying philanthropic donation behaviour (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2007, 2011). From over 500 scholarly papers, we distilled eight mechanisms that we consider the main drivers of philanthropic donation behaviour: (1) awareness of need; (2) solicitation; (3) costs and benefits; (4) altruism; (5) reputation; (6) psychological benefits; (7) values; and (8) efficacy. The overarching question all papers in this special issue contribute to answering is: What motivates people to display philanthropic behaviour? By testing one or more specific mechanisms that were derived from the philanthropic literature, the authors of the papers in this special issue increase our understanding of philanthropic behaviour. The majority of the papers in this special issue study donation behaviour. Two papers examine volunteering, and one paper studies blood donations. Interestingly, the papers on these other forms of philanthropic behaviour show that mechanisms driving different types of philanthropic behaviour are similar.... http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32739/ 2011-10-01T00:00:00Z The authors present an overview of the academic literature on charitable giving based on a literature review of more than 500 articles.They structure their review around the central question of why people donate money to charitable organizations.They identify eight mechanisms as the most important forces that drive charitable giving: (a) awareness of need; (b) solicitation; (c) costs and benefits; (d) altruism; (e) reputation; (f) psychological benefits; (g) values; (h) efficacy.These mechanisms can provide a basic theoretical framework for future research explaining charitable giving. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32746/ 2011-10-01T00:00:00Z In this paper we assess overall accuracy in survey self-reports on giving to charitable organizations, direction of bias in self-reports, and the influence of this bias on relationships. We compare donations to one specific health charity reported in the Giving in the Netherlands Panel Study 2003 with donations recorded in the database (n = 191). We find that (a) reported donations are significantly higher than recorded donations; (b) reported amounts contributed are correlated very strongly with recorded contributions; (c) differences between amounts reported and amounts recorded are positively related to education, religious affiliation, and the tendency to social desirability, and negatively to household income. This suggests that effects of education are overestimated and effects of income and religious affiliation are underestimated using self-reports on donations rather than archival records. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32745/ 2011-02-01T00:00:00Z In this study, we make a first attempt to investigate the mechanisms of conditional cooperation in giving outside experiments, using retrospective survey data on charitable giving (the Giving the Netherlands Panel Study 2005 (GINPS05, 2005 ; N  = 1474)). Our results show that in the case of door‐to‐door donations, social information affects perceived social norms for giving and, through this perception, influences the level of actual donations. The effect of social information on actual door‐to‐door donations is fully mediated by perceived social norms for giving. Furthermore, we found empirical support for the giving standard hypothesis. People in different income categories donate roughly the same amounts in separate instances (they use the same social information), and as a result people in lower income households donate a higher percentage of their income to charitable organizations. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32741/ 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Summary: "Picturing generosity: National campaigns for charitable causes in the Netherlands". In this study we provide an overview of the history of national campaigns for charitable causes in the Netherlands. Firstly we describe the development of the 59 national campaigns held between 1951 and 2005. We distinguish two periods of national campaigns: the galas for charitable causes (1963-1983) and the era of the national campaigns by the Dutch Cooperative International Aid Organizations (1984-2005). We then formulate and test hypotheses concerning possible explanations for the success of national campaigns. Bivariate results show that campaigns organized for ‘innocent’ victims, campaigns held in a period with a lower ‘campaign frequency’, and campaigns held in years with stronger economic growth are more successful. In a multivariate model a significant association only emerged between economic growth and the success of a national campaign. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32754/ 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Samenvatting: In deze special worden de resultaten van een eerste kwantitatieve verkenning naar de vrijgevigheid van vermogende Nederlanders beschreven. Vermogende Nederlanders geven iets vaker aan goede doelen en doneren gemiddeld ruim dertien keer zulke hoge bedragen. Waar het gemiddelde Nederlandse huishouden € 210 geeft, doneert de vermogende Nederlander gemiddeld € 2.763. Het is onder vermogenden echter niet gebruikelijk om zeer hoge bedragen te geven. De mediaan van het jaarlijkse totaalbedrag aan giften onder de vermogende donateurs is € 848. Ruim 90% geeft niet meer dan € 5.000 op jaarbasis. Giften hoger dan € 25.000 vormen een grote uitzondering (2% van de donaties). Een belangrijk verschil in geefgedrag tussen vermogende Nederlanders en het gemiddelde Nederlandse huishouden is dat vermogende Nederlanders er veel vaker voor kiezen om niet aan de traditionele goede doelen in Nederland te geven. Zij geven vaak geld aan kleinschalige hulpprojecten in het buitenland of kiezen ervoor om rechtstreeks aan beneficianten te geven zonder tussenkomst van een organisatie. ... Nederlanders in het algemeen vaker doelen uit elk van de acht sectoren dan de niet-vermogende Nederlanders. Enkel het percentage donateurs aan gezondheid en sport en recreatie ligt bij elkaar. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32755/ 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Abstract This is the first of two articles in which we present a comprehensive review of the multi-disciplinary academic literature on philanthropy, identifying the predictors of charitable giving. For each predictor, we discuss the evidence for the mechanisms that may explain why the predictor is correlated with giving. We conclude with a brief agenda for future research. In this first article we present the evidence on the relationship of giving with religion, education, age, and socialization.