Leenaars, E.P.E.M.

batterer attachment violence erasmus univ rotterdam partner dependency study control attachment style separation anxiety insecurely journal personality style distrust relationship personality characteristics characteristic anxiety group separation scale score rotterdam erasmu partner violence difference october self-esteem jiv.sagepub.com downloaded empathy partner distrust participant impulsivity jealousy dutton range subscale questionnaire holtzworth-munroe behavior family stuart measure desire factor nonbatterer trust psychology result scores range family violence attachment styles subtype report treatment abuse reliability batterers report point research therapy future studies contrast aggression family-only batterers 4- point scale question family-only psychiatry test-retest reliability control participants dependency subscale finding emmelkamp adult netherland intervention trend