http://repub.eur.nl/res/aut/8076/ List of Publications en http://repub.eur.nl/static-eur/img/logo.png http://repub.eur.nl http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39597/ 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z This addition to the literature on the European Commission constitutes a contribution to studies of the post-Santer Commission. The book takes the bureaucratic autonomy literature as a theoretical basis (Chapter 2) and rests empirically on a survey of nearly 200 top Commission officials (Chapter 3). In both aspects, the book can be characterized as a trend-follower rather than a trend-setter: Theoretically, it sets forth the trend of the public administration turn in EU studies (Trondal 2007); empirically, the study not only rests on the assumptions of Hooghe’s (2001) study of the Commission but also studies the same group of management-level Commission officials, albeit the population 10 years later. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32776/ 2012-04-01T00:00:00Z New nationalism differs from classical nationalism in terms of its content and focus. Whereas classical nationalism distinguishes itself from other nation-states in defining its national identity, new nationalism distinguishes the 'native' national identity from that of its current and prospective citizens of migrant origin. The terms of integration thus become conditions of membership in the national community. Citizenship and integration policies emerge as central arenas where the discourse of new nationalism unfolds. This study looks into the discourses of cultural citizenship by studying the content of the official 'citizenship packages' - materials designed to welcome newcomers and assist them in their integration - in three Western European countries: The Netherlands, France and the UK. What images are depicted of the nation-state and the migrant in citizenship packages, and (how) do these images freeze the nation?. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38246/ 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The recent scholarly debate on policies and discourses with regard to citizenship in the Netherlands point to a moralization or culturalization of citizenship. This article aims to contribute to this debate by zooming into the current contents of citizenship education. We make a comparative analysis of the contents of textbooks for citizenship education that are used for civic integration courses for migrants and for primary and secondary school students in the Netherlands. Our findings show that citizenship has indeed gained a moral content in both contexts but that the difference lies in the norms that are stressed and how they are conveyed to the target population of future citizens. Whereas civic integration books for migrants emphasize the importance of learning local procedures and habits in order to belong to the Dutch national community, primary and secondary school books underscore the importance of dealing with cultural diversity in the multicultural society. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25826/ 2011-08-22T00:00:00Z The European Union in general and the European Commission in particular are characterised by supranational governance. The enlargement policy gives the Commission the opportunity to export and promote supranational norms and define the boundaries of Europe as a supranational polity through the conditionality of membership and intensive contact with the candidate countries. This article analyses the discourses of the Commission on Turkey and gives us insights into how well Turkey fits the supranational model in the eyes of Commission officials. It demonstrates how the boundaries of supranationalism are set and even challenged by the prospects of Turkey’s accession. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23974/ 2011-05-01T00:00:00Z As Western European nation-states adapt to the challenges posed to the nation-state by globalization and immigration, adjusting citizenship criteria for immigrants has been one of the responses to these developments. This article compares the current changes in citizenship policies of three Western European states: the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands. The main concern of the article is to shed light on the emerging development of a form of neoliberal communitarian citizenship that involves an increased emphasis on the need to earn one's citizenship. While many have signalled a shift towards neoliberal citizenship, this study assesses to what extent such a shift is characterized by a contractual view that sees citizenship no longer primarily as a prima facie right but as a prized possession that is to be earned and can be lost if not properly cultivated. At the same time, the study analyses the content of citizenship criteria to see how the nation-state in these three countries is sacralized by an emphasis on the national community. These two trends of earned citizenship are conceptualized in the study as neoliberal communitarianism. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23973/ 2011-05-01T00:00:00Z With its institutional motto of “unity in diversity,” the European Union (EU) officially embraces a cosmopolitan outlook. This article argues that this motto becomes reality within the institutions of the EU as the officials undergo a cosmopolitan transformation process by experiencing cultural diversity on a daily basis. This cosmopolitanism, however, is not without limits. The discussions on Turkey’s EU candidacy are a case in point. By analyzing the discourses of Commission officials with regard to their own identity as well as their discourses on the Turkish elite, this article assesses the extent and limits of cosmopolitanism in the European Commission and its general implications for the EU. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23171/ 2011-03-01T00:00:00Z There is a rich body of literature on the functioning of the European Commission and the profile of its officials in the 1990s and early 2000s. Yet, the empirical evidence on the new generation Commission officials operating in the post-reform Commission bureaucracy is scarce. What kind of individuals end up working for the Commission? How do they think and behave on a daily basis? This article provides an insight into a crucial aspect of the everyday behaviour of Commission officials and whether national identity and categorizations play a role in the Commission. The analysis of the functions and meanings of nationality in a multinational context and the ways in which officials deal with nationality provides evidence of cosmopolitan dispositions and practices. In contrast to what has been previously argued in the literature, the empirical findings point to the effect of self-selection, selection and organizational socialization in establishing cosmopolitanism in the Commission. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25833/ 2009-12-31T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23975/ 2009-03-01T00:00:00Z This article provides an insight into the Brussels informal networking scene by providing empirical evidence on the networks of European Commission officials. It is argued that Commission officials tend to separate work and private contacts and that nationality rather forms a bonding factor for leisure purposes. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25841/ 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z The current literature on the European Commission refers to the influence of nationality in the functioning of the Commission and in particular to the reliance on networks based on nationality, failing to give much evidence apart from anecdotes. This empirical study takes a systematic approach by applying concepts from organizational network analysis to examine the networking patterns of Commission officials and to explore the effect of nationality therein. The data clearly show that nationality is not a significant factor in shaping officials’ task-related informal networks. While variables related to nationality and socialization fail to explain the variation, the size of the member-state in terms of the amount of officials it has and whether the contacts occur within the Directorate-General determine whether an official relies on compatriots for information and advice. The organizational structure of the Commission renders nationality irrelevant for its daily work. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25848/ 2008-12-01T00:00:00Z Literature on the European Commission refers to the influence of nationality in the functioning of the Commission and, in particular, to the reliance on networks based on nationality, but it fails to provide much evidence apart from anecdotes. This empirical study takes a systematic approach by applying concepts from organisational network analysis to examine the networking patterns of Commission officials and to explore the effect of nationality therein. The data clearly show that nationality is not a significant factor in shaping officials' task-related informal networks. While variables related to nationality and socialisation fail to explain the variation, the size of the member state in terms of the number of officials it has and whether the contacts occur within the Directorate-General determine whether an official relies on compatriots for information and advice. The organisational structure of the Commission renders nationality irrelevant for its daily work. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25843/ 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z This article explores the compound machinery of government. Attention is directed toward decision making within the core executive of the European Union - the European Commission. The article studies seconded national civil servants (SNEs) hired on short-term contracts. The analysis benefits from an original and rich body of surveys and interview data derived from current and former SNEs. The decision-making dynamics of SNEs are shown to contain a compound mix of departmental, epistemic, and supranational dynamics. This study clearly demonstrates that the socializing power of the Commission is conditional and only partly sustained when SNEs exit the Commission. Any long-lasting effect of socialization within European Union's executive machinery of government is largely absent. The compound decision-making dynamics of SNEs are explained by (1) the organizational affiliations of SNEs, (2) the formal organization of the Commission apparatus, and (3) only partly by processes of resocialization of SNEs within the Commission. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25834/ 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z Samenvatting In dit artikel komt het vraagstuk van de ambtelijke autonomie van geëuropeaniseerde rijksambtenaren aan de orde. Als casus wordt de politieke en ambtelijke aansturing van Nederlandse rijksambtenaren die gedetacheerd worden bij de Europese Commissie (END-ers) onderzocht. Het empirisch materiaal bestaat uit survey-data (N = 90) en interviewdata (N = 28), verkregen van zowel huidige als voormalige END-ers. Op grond van dit materiaal wordt betoogd dat hoewel van formele aansturing vanuit de lidstaat geen sprake kan zijn, de END-ers in de praktijk een duidelijke brugfunctie vervullen tussen beide bestuurslagen. Dit kan gebeuren door middel van zowel frontloaden (bewust, na instructies van de nationale overheid, of onbewust, als gevolg van het nationaal-culturele perspectief) als signaleren (strategisch informatie en standpunten doorseinen van de ene bestuurslaag naar de andere). Hoewel de contacten van de END-er met de Commissie vaak redelijk overeind blijven na terugkomst, neemt de intensiteit van de contacten met andere typen actoren in het beleidsnetwerk meestal snel af. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25836/ 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25846/ 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z Abstract This article analyses tensions of governance within the core-executive of the European Union – the Commission. The applied test-bed is seconded national civil servants (SNEs) hired on short-term contracts in the Commission. The analysis benefits from a rich body of surveys and interview data among current and former SNEs. The data demonstrate that the decision-making behaviour evoked by SNEs contains a mix of departmental, epistemic and supranational behaviour. Intergovernmental dynamics are shown to be much less significant. The study also demonstrates that the secondment system scarcely creates enduring supranational loyalties among SNEs. The socialising powers of the Commission is conditional and only partly sustained when SNEs exit the Commission. The temporal identity of SNEs as an ‘EU civil servant’ is dependent on their primary institutional embeddedness within the Commission. Theoretically, tensions of governance in the Commission are accounted for by an institutionalist approach. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25839/ 2006-04-01T00:00:00Z http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1745/ 2004-10-19T00:00:00Z Session 1: Governance in the European Union http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25838/ 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z Introduction: Turkish-Greek relations and the Cyprus problem following the Turkish intervention of 1974 have occupied an important place throughout the evolution of the relations between Turkey and the European Union (EU).1 These two issues, often linked, figured among the most difficult to handle. The fact that Greece became a member of the EU in 1981 has complicated matters further, especially for the EU. From that point on, the EU could no longer keep its benevolent neutrality towards its two allies. Consequently, the road towards the amelioration of Turkish–EU relations passed via Athens and Nicosia,2 despite Turkey’s desire to keep the resolution of these issues separate from the question of its accession to the EU.