http://repub.eur.nl/res/col/1019/ List of Publications en http://repub.eur.nl/static-eur/img/logo.png http://repub.eur.nl http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1075/ 2003-12-16T00:00:00Z Comparative studies of urbanisation can be characterized by their emphasis on the quantitative and visual aspects of urban growth, which is amongst other things reflected in the analysis of spatial patterns and rates of urban population growth. The visual aspects relate both to the spatial realisation of the demand for urban land use and its functional variation. This emphasis can be understood from the perspective of the ongoing process of urban industrial growth in the industrialised countries during the 19th and most of the 20th century. Most of the concept and models we use have been developed during this period of urban transition and relate to this experience. However, in the last quarter of the 20th century this process came to an end as the urbanisation process in its present form was completed. This leads to the following questions. First, to what extent are the concepts and models derived throughout this period still valid? Second, if this is not the case, to what extent do they need adjustment and third, what kind of new approaches are required? In this paper the focus will be cities as part of an urban system and will deal with two issues, viz. the relation between spatial scales, i.e. vertical linkages and the relation between cities, especially focussed on their horizontal linkages or network characteristics. These two issues will be discussed against the background of the completion of three long-term developments: (1) the completed first demographic transition, (2) the completed process of industrialisation and (3) the completion of three infrastructural revolutions. This analysis will indicate the direction in which the environment has changed, the consequences of this change for the conceptualisation of the process of urbanisation and for the characteristics of the process it self. The consequences of these changes will be discussed using empirical examples from the Netherlands and other parts of Europe both for models of internal urban structure and for the city system at large. The classical unity between territory, economic and social functions is broken up and has lead to a decoupling of functions both in a spatial and in a functional sense. The latter has resulted in a process of spatial rebundling of activities. It will be argued that new rationalities are needed to understand the contemporary realisation of the spatial outcome of the demand for space use. In addition to this, it has also been argued that new and different types of uncertainties emerge. The latter are related to the increased importance of micro processes in the demand for space use. This in turn has consequences for spatial policy, as it will lead to considerable mismatches between national planning goals and actual realisations. It is suggested that a process approach is needed to deal with these uncertainties. Wall, R.S. Knaap, G.A. van der http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1020/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z What controls the secular process of sub-urbanisation of Berlin to garden and satellite cities and what were the effects? Through the massive retreat of its wealthy and academic bourgeoisie from the centre, Berlin became a bipolar city. On this side of the "railway ring", stood the "stony Berlin" of tenement blocks, the "largest mietskasernen city in the world"(Julius Posener). On the other side the "largest villa city in the world" was growing. The concept of the "green" city had some positive influence and brought a long-term "moral mission" of the upper middle classes into the inner-city. The pre-war villa settlements were an effective laboratory for the middle class dream of owning a house and a garden on the green and healthy outskirts of the city. In the competition between the political systems after the War, the GDR ran with an inner-city housing development, which unlike the prevailing "spacious green city" idea in West Berlin, had to remain true to the old city structure. Recently some urban planners and sociologists, looking at suburbia in a positive sense, using concepts like 'net city' or 'edge city', have accentuated the autonomy of suburbia. Whether this suburban mix contains the future of city development, remains to be seen. Reif, H. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1021/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z This is primarily an empirical paper that brings together selected results from the GaWC research programme. The latter studies inter-city relations at a global scale. Empirical research is based upon a model of world city network network formation as a product of the location strategies of global service firms. A range of findings relating to the network connectivities of European cities are presented. Beginning with a ranking of European cities in terms of their global network connectivity, further results include comparisons across different sectors, comparisons with the US cities, comparisons within major European economies, and listings of the global network powers of leading European cities. Taylor, P. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1022/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z This paper offers a commentary on some of the recent work on globalisation in the context of the European city in the late 20th century. It points out that the current European urban hierarchy has a strong historical dimension. It notes the considerable degree of convergence in the urbanisation experience of late 20th century metropoles across Europe. The differential success of cities in dealing with decentralisation has been in part affected by politics and governance. In terms of future economic growth more stress needs to be put on tourism and the low service sector rather than the impact of global companies. Major contrasts are drawn between the relative success of Northern periphery cities like Helsinki and Dublin against the relative weakness of West European metropoles. Clark, P. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1023/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z Charles Landry's theory of innovative milieu can be used to describe the innovative milieu of Helsinki, its historical development into a capital city, which became not only a centre of administration and higher education but also the hub of the nation's cultural life and a major industrial centre. Factors such as efficient search for the latest international know-how, the non-hierarchical mentality in offering people opportunities to travel abroad, the effective follow-up system Helsinki constructed, the development of a scientific infrastructure, equality in education through the social strata and the strong position of women are introduced to exemplify Helsinki's innovativeness. Hietala, M. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1024/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z The aim of this article is the study of Lisbon from the time its legal boundaries were enlarged in 1903, until the creation of the Lisbon Metropolitan area in August 1991. The making of urban population is the subject of the second part of this text. In this part we emphasise the regional origins of the majority of the Lisbon population. Only in the 1970-ties the immigration of sub-Sahara Africans became of some significance. The transport networks and the lack of control of the urban expansion in a context of poor public investment are the subject of the third part. Pinheiro, M.A. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1025/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z Central Moscow and St Petersburg have undergoing major changes since 1991. Commercialisation is palpable and figures prominently in the local administration's strategies to rebuild the urban economy. Land values are higher in the central city, and this fact of the market economy already impinges upon many of the remaining Soviet-era central city land uses. The populations of both central cities have dropped substantially. Gentrification is on-going, yet there remain substantial numbers of poor, mostly elderly females who subsist in communal apartments. Sample surveys indicate that social stratification was more evident in the late 1990s than earlier in the decade. Bater, J.H. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1026/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z The development of metropolitan government in the metropolises London, Paris and London in the period 1920-2000 is the central theme of this paper. A topic of continuous debate was the question: which administrative model would be the most appropriate to address the complex problems affecting large urban areas. After a brief outline of a number of pressing metropolitan administrative issues in general, an evaluation of administrative developments in the three metropolises individually is given. In all three metropolitan cities the double role as capital and largest city in the country has been an important factor. The central governments of all three of the cities have exercised influence on the form of administration of the cities, be it for different reasons and at different times. Kraaijestein, M. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1027/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z The main conclusion of this article is that we in many respects can observe new tendencies in the development of Stockholm from the 1970s and on. The population growth rate has for instance been high compared to other Swedish cities, and that was not the case previously. Economic and other activities have been concentrated to the inner city, which consequently has been the most dynamic part of the entire metropolitan region. Social segregation has increased and also got an ethnical dimension. One basic factor behind these new traits is supposed to be the turn from industrialism to post-industrialism. Nilsson, L. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/1028/ 2003-11-07T00:00:00Z The Randstad Holland is not a metropolis in a theoretical sense. It is a conurbation of four big cities - Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht - and at least six smaller ones, which are linked by suburban extensions. We studied the economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions of the Randstad, and found out that in course of time the more or less complementary centres turned into competitive municipalities, especially in the fields of economics and culture. In fact, within the Randstad two wings can be discerned a north wing - the Amsterdam-Utrecht axis- and a south wing - the Rotterdam-The Hague axis. The more commerce oriented north wing seems to have the best prospects. Laar, P.T. van de Kooy, P.