http://repub.eur.nl/res/col/1917/ List of Publications en http://repub.eur.nl/static-eur/img/logo.png http://repub.eur.nl http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39187/ 2013-04-01T00:00:00Z In equipment-intensive industries such as truck, electronics, aircraft and dredging vessel manufacturing, service parts are often slow moving items for which the transshipment time is not negligible. However, this aspect is hardly considered in the existing service logistics literature. In this paper, we consider this aspect and propose a customer-oriented service measure which takes into account pipeline stock and lateral transshipment flexibility. We provide an approximation method for optimizing the stock allocation subject to this service measure. Via extensive numerical experiments, we show that our approximation performs very well with respect to both system performance and costs. Moreover, our numerical experiments indicate that including lateral transshipments and pipeline stock flexibility in inventory decisions is more beneficial than lateral transshipments alone. This effect is larger for high demand rates and high lateral transshipment costs. Results from a case study in the dredging industry confirm our findings. We therefore recommend introduction of pipeline stock information such as the track and trace information from freight carriers in existing ERP systems. Yang, G. Dekker, R. Gabor, A.F. Axsäter, S. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39772/ 2013-02-12T00:00:00Z Objectives: Patients are often accompanied by family or companions during consultations, but little is known about how this might influence the process. We explored how the presence of a companion in a consultation contributes to communication and the decision-making process. Design: Observational study. Setting: A teaching hospital and a district general hospital in south-west England. Participants: 31 patients and their physicians were observed during consultations in which decisions to undergo palliative chemotherapy were made. Each patient was accompanied by at least one companion. Outcome measures: Communication patterns between physicians, patients and companions. Results: In addition to standard patient/physician interactions, patients and companions were often found to discuss medical information and exchange opinions between themselves without the physician actively participating. We called these instances 'family timeout'. On the occasion of disagreement between patients and companions about preferred treatment options, physicians and patients were able to agree the decision while acknowledging the differences in opinion. Conclusions: Instances of 'family time-out' may contribute to better consultation outcomes because they are understood and supported by the patient's social system. This study highlights the potentially important role of exchanges between patients and companions during consultations and how physicians may benefit from observation of such exchanges. We recommend testing the value of making space for family time-out during consultations. Also, we recommend further study into the medical ethics of family time-out. While the focus here is on palliative chemotherapy, this finding has implications for other consultations, particularly those involving difficult treatment decisions. Korfage, I.J. Audrey, S. Hak, A. Blazeby, J.M. Abels, J. Campbell, R. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38936/ 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z In haar rapport van oktober 2012 doet de Autoriteit Financiële Markten (AFM) verslag van een themaonderzoek naar bijzondere waardeverminderingen van activa (AFM, 2012). Eén van de belangwekkende conclusies van de AFM is dat beleggers meer waardeverminderingsverliezen lijken in te prijzen dan de verliezen die door de rechtspersonen zijn verantwoord. Naar de mening van de AFM ligt de oorzaak ‘vanzelfsprekend deels in een verschil in inschatting en aannames, maar komt ook zeker voort uit een tekort aan discipline om strengheid te betrachten’. De AFM zegt niet eenduidig dat rechtspersonen in eerdere financiële verslagen een bijzondere waardevermindering hadden moeten doorvoeren, maar de woorden, zoals een ‘tekort aan discipline’, roepen wel de sterke suggestie op. Hoogendoorn, M.N. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32876/ 2012-12-01T00:00:00Z Restaurant customers demand both personalized innovative, yet, affordable service delivery. Accordingly, restaurant groups that seek expansion must consider how to respond effectively to the standardization-authenticity paradox. This paper addresses two questions: what is the relationship between standardization and authenticity? How can restaurant managers use these concepts for the strategic positioning of their restaurant group? Typically, researchers present the two dimensions as a binary. In contrast, this paper first presents a theoretical model and analyzes the variations in the standardization-authenticity relationship. Subsequently, it classifies restaurant group expansion strategies into four categories: standardization of authenticity, authentic alliance, standardized chains and heterogeneity, and examines their respective level of competence required to increase performance. It concludes by presenting suggestions to position restaurants in terms of the extent of standardization and the extent of flexibility. Zeng, G. Go, F.M. Vries, H.J. de http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37934/ 2012-11-26T00:00:00Z There are situations where the data or the theory suggest or require, respectively, that one estimate the boundary lines that separate regions of observations from regions of no observations. Of particular interest are ceiling or floor lines. For example, many theories use terms such as veto player, constraint, only if, and so on, which suggest ceilings. Ceiling hypotheses have a nonstandard form claiming the probability of Y will be zero for all values of Y greater than the ceiling value of Yc for a given value of X. Conversely, ceiling hypotheses make no specific prediction about the value of Y for a given value of X except that it will be less than the ceiling value. Floors work by guaranteeing minimum levels. The article gives numerous examples of theories that imply ceiling or floor hypotheses and numerous examples of data that fit such hypotheses. The article proposes quantile regression as a means of estimating the boundaries of the no-data zone as well as criteria for evaluating the importance of the boundary variable. These techniques are illustrated for ceiling and floor hypotheses relating gross domestic product/capita and democracy. Goertz, G. Hak, A. Dul, J. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37437/ 2012-10-08T00:00:00Z Recent years have witnessed the emergence of a new profession often referred to as the technology transfer (TT) manager. TT managers apply various skills to accomplish transfer activities such as legal competencies; marketing and negotiation competencies; team work competencies; innovation competencies; and knowledge management competencies. Furthermore, the transfer of technology takes place in various contexts such as universities, business entities and governmental institutions. This special issue focuses on the profession of technology transfer. In particular, it examines the emergence of the technology transfer profession and the impact on the practice of technology transfer at the individual, unit, project and organizational level. Volberda, H.W. Oshri, I. Mom, T.J.M. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38047/ 2012-10-01T00:00:00Z As the importance of technology transfer activities to the growth and survival of public and private organisations has become evident in recent years, researchers have been paying closer attention to the resources and capabilities such organisations will need in order to compete in markets. Yet it is still unclear what skills that individuals who are considering the various activities and contexts they are part of need. This paper investigates the skills that individual technology transfer professionals generally need and how the importance of each of these skills varies by context. It is based on a multiple-phase qualitative and quantitative study of technology transfer skills at the individual level. Results indicate the importance for technology transfer professionals to possess a range of five particular soft and business skills besides having two hard skills such as those related to intellectual property rights and domain-specific knowledge. Our results also highlight the heterogeneity in skills that technology transfer professional mainly draw on depending on the contexts of which they are part. Mom, T.J.M. Oshri, I. Volberda, H.W. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38048/ 2012-10-01T00:00:00Z We examine how firms may accumulate and apply knowledge through their units at different locations. To that end, we assess the mediating role of units' knowledge stocks and disentangle how firms accumulate knowledge stocks through knowledge inflows and how they apply such stocks to innovative purposes at the unit level. Based on a questionnaire administered to branches of a large European financial services firm, our findings confirmed that horizontal knowledge flows develop units' breadth of knowledge stocks, which in turn positively relates to exploratory innovations. Contrary to expectations, depth of units' knowledge stocks was not fostered by vertical knowledge inflows, but instead by decentralising units. Depth of knowledge contributed not only to exploitative innovations, but also to exploratory innovations. Based on these results, our study illustrates how firms may create competitive advantage by developing and balancing distinct types of knowledge stocks at the unit level. Wijk, R.A.J.L. van Jansen, J.J.P. Bosch, F.A.J. van den Volberda, H.W. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/34915/ 2012-09-01T00:00:00Z A p-value of a sequence π = (x1, x2,⋯, xk) of elements of a finite metric space (X, d) is an element x for which ∑i=1kdp(x,xi) is minimum. The function ℓpwith domain the set of all finite sequences defined by ℓp(π) = {x: x is a p-value of π} is called the ℓp-function on X. The ℓp-functions with p = 1 and p = 2 are the well-studied median and mean functions respectively. In this article, the ℓp-function on finite trees is characterized axiomatically. McMorris, F.R. Mulder, H.M. Ortega, O. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37935/ 2012-09-01T00:00:00Z Answers to sensitive questions are prone to social desirability bias. If not properly addressed, the validity of the research can be suspect. This article presents multigroup item randomized response theory (MIRRT) to measure self-reported sensitive topics across cultures. The method was specifically developed to reduce social desirability bias by making an a priori change in the design of the survey. The change involves the use of a randomization device (e.g., a die) that preserves participants' privacy at the item level. In cases where multiple items measure a higher level theoretical construct, the researcher could still make inferences at the individual level. The method can correct for under- and overreporting, even if both occur in a sample of individuals or across nations. We present and illustrate MIRRT in a nontechnical manner, provide WinBugs software code so that researchers can directly implement it, and present 2 cross-national studies in which it was applied. The first study compared nonstudent samples from 2 countries (total n = 927) on permissive sexual attitudes and risky sexual behavior and related these to individual-level characteristics such as the Big Five personality traits. The second study compared nonstudent samples from 17 countries (total n = 6,195) on risky sexual behavior and related these to individual-level characteristics, such as gender and age, and to country-level characteristics, such as sex ratio. Jong, M.G. de Pieters, F.G.M. Stremersch, S. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23640/ 2012-09-01T00:00:00Z The market design (MD) approach to institutional analysis provides the analytical tools to evaluate endogenous institution building in local market places irrespective of the institutional setting of the national economy. Implicit in this analysis of endogenous institution building at the market place level is the recognition of institutional diversity, which none of the conventional forms of institutional analysis can provide. We extend the MD approach from its original game theory perspective to examine three market places in China: township and village enterprises, equity joint ventures, and public utilities. We conclude that the MD approach (1) provides the analytical tools and criteria to evaluate whether or not market places are robust and sustainable, (2) links market behavior at the market place level, which is characterized by size, coordination, and trust problems, with general level considerations based on transaction costs, and (3) suggests that functioning market places are achievable, even if the formal institutions of the general economy are weak or partially missing. Our research has policy implications and opens new avenues for research into the emergence of markets. Krug, B. Hendrischke, H. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/35002/ 2012-09-01T00:00:00Z The article analyses the impact of homeownership on neighbourhood safety and neighbourhood satisfaction, using a unique panel dataset for the city of Rotterdam. The results show that there are significant, but economically small, effects of homeownership on safety and satisfaction. Moreover, the relation between ownership and satisfaction is significantly moderated by neighbourhood safety. The paper examines whether the marginal impact of increases in homeownership on external effects diminish once ownership levels are higher. According to the data, this seems to be the case. The results are robust to alternative specifications. The findings provide insights for the evaluation of housing market policies that subsidise or stimulate homeownership. Brounen, D. Cox, R. Neuteboom, P. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37685/ 2012-09-01T00:00:00Z European index funds and exchange-traded funds underperform their benchmarks by 50 to 150 basis points per annum. The explanatory power of dividend withholding taxes as a determinant of this underperformance is at least on par with fund expenses. Dividend taxes also explain performance differences between funds that track different benchmarks and time variation in fund performance. Our results imply that not only fund expenses, but also dividend taxes can result in a substantial drag on mutual fund performance. Blitz, D.C. Huij, J.J. Swinkels, L.A.P. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/34914/ 2012-09-01T00:00:00Z Experiments frequently use a random incentive system (RIS), where only tasks that are randomly selected at the end of the experiment are for real. The most common type pays every subject one out of her multiple tasks (within-subjects randomization). Recently, another type has become popular, where a subset of subjects is randomly selected, and only these subjects receive one real payment (between-subjects randomization). In earlier tests with simple, static tasks, RISs performed well. The present study investigates RISs in a more complex, dynamic choice experiment. We find that between-subjects randomization reduces risk aversion. While within-subjects randomization delivers unbiased measurements of risk aversion, it does not eliminate carry-over effects from previous tasks. Both types generate an increase in subjects' error rates. These results suggest that caution is warranted when applying RISs to more complex and dynamic tasks. Baltussen, G. Post, G.T. Assem, M.J. van den Wakker, P.P. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/34910/ 2012-08-01T00:00:00Z This paper aimed to investigate three issues. First, the validation of the multi-dimensional Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) within the Italian context. Second, to enhance insight into the degree of servant leadership behaviour displayed by Italian leaders in organizational settings. Third, to support the fact that in Italy, too, servant leadership is positively correlated to leadership integrity, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour while it is negatively correlated to cynicism towards one's own work. A sample of about 800 adults, males and females, currently employed in profit and non-profit organizations, took part in the study. The factorial structure of SLS found support, and the survey showed satisfactory psychometric properties and reliability. Servant leadership expressed by Italian leaders turned out to be lower than in The Netherlands and in the UK. SLS scores were positively associated with leadership integrity, organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviour, and negatively associated for cynicism. Bobbio, A. Dierendonck, D. van Manganelli, A.M. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38143/ 2012-08-01T00:00:00Z This article proposes an explanation for shifts in the volatility of exchange-rate returns. Agents are uncertain about the true data generating model and deal with this uncertainty by making inference on the models and their parameters' approach, I call model learning. Model learning may lead agents to focus excessively on a subset of fundamental variables. Consequently, exchange-rate volatility is determined by the dynamics of these fundamentals and changes as agents alter models. I investigate the empirical relevance of model learning and find that the change in volatility of GBP/USD in 1993 was triggered by a shift between models. Markiewicz, A. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37161/ 2012-08-01T00:00:00Z Deciding how much to save for retirement is a difficult task that includes many uncertainties. In this paper, we use data from a representative Dutch household panel to study the impact of uncertainty regarding one's savings adequacy on retirement savings contributions and information search processes. We combine ideas from the literature in psychology and economics that provide opposing predictions regarding the impact of uncertainty on retirement savings contributions. Our results indicate that the effect of uncertainty is moderated by two factors: an individual's perceived adequacy of current savings and that individual's financial constraints. In particular, we find that uncertainty increases retirement contributions for those who believe that they save adequately; however, it hinders retirement contributions for those who believe that they save inadequately. This effect of uncertainty is further moderated by the availability of financial means: a reduction in uncertainty results in greater contributions to savings only when financial constraints are absent. We also find that uncertainty has both indirect and direct effects on savings information search. In particular, uncertainty indirectly affects savings information search because it impacts individuals' intentions to save, which consequently forces individuals to engage in purchase-oriented information search; however, uncertainty also has a direct effect because individuals engage in ongoing information search processes to directly reduce uncertainty. The implications of these findings are discussed. Schie, R.J.G. van Donkers, A.C.D. Dellaert, B.G.C. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37431/ 2012-08-01T00:00:00Z Throughout evolutionary history, intergroup competition has been an influential part of social life. Although the topic has received substantial empirical attention among social psychologists, the majority of that work has focused on how ingroup and outgroup members regard one another. Only recently have researchers begun examining how intergroup rivalry changes that way that ingroup members perceive and relate to one another. New findings suggest that a variety of within-group processes are influenced by the presence of a rival outgroup. In general, altruistic cooperation and prosocial motives increase among ingroup members when their group competes against another. The relationship between leaders and followers also shifts in response to intergroup rivalry: rather than wielding their power for selfish purposes, leaders prioritize the needs of their group. On the flip side, followers' choice of leader changes, preferring males during times of intergroup competition but females in the absence of competition. Given the substantial impact of intergroup competition on ingroup processes, future research should continue to deepen the field's knowledge of this topic. Additionally, the scope of research should be broadened to capture the effect of intergroup competition on ingroup dynamics, such as performance and group outcomes. Mead, N.L. Maner, J.K. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37933/ 2012-07-31T00:00:00Z Does the cue of money lead to selfish, greedy, exploitative behaviors or to fairness, exchange, and reciprocity? We found evidence for both, suggesting that people have both sets of meaningful associations, which can be differentially activated by exposure to clean versus dirty money. In a field experiment at a farmers’ market, vendors who handled dirty money subsequently cheated customers, whereas those who handled clean money gave fair value (Experiment 1). In laboratory studies with economic games, participants who had previously handled and counted dirty money tended toward selfish, unfair practices— unlike those who had counted clean money or dirty paper, both of which led to fairness and reciprocity. These patterns were found with the trust game (Experiment 2), the prisoner’s dilemma (Experiment 4), the ultimatum game (Experiment 5), and the dictator game (Experiment 6). Cognitive measures indicated that exposure to dirty money lowered moral standards (Experiment 3) and reduced positive attitudes toward fairness and reciprocity (Experiments 6–7), whereas exposure to clean money had the opposite effects. Thus, people apparently have 2 contradictory sets of associations (including behavioral tendencies) to money, which is a complex, powerful, and ubiquitous aspect of human social life and cultural organization. Yang, Q. Wu, X. Zhou, X.Y. Mead, N.L. Vohs, K.D. Baumeister, R.F. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/26575/ 2012-07-01T00:00:00Z Building on psychology research about culture's influences on emotional expressions and experiences, I considered culture's consequences for acquirers' emotional attending during post-merger integration. Analyses of cross-border acquisitions by multinational companies from the United States showed support for a subtle role of culture - on the one hand, cultural differences constrain emotional attending during post-merger integration; on the other hand, when acquisitions are made in cultures that are characterized by more humane orientation, U.S. acquirers seem to adapt to this local context and showed more emotional attending than in less humane-oriented cultures. The findings further suggest that these effects depend on an acquirer's multiculturalism. Reus, T.H.