http://repub.eur.nl/res/col/9810/ List of Publications en http://repub.eur.nl/static-eur/img/logo.png http://repub.eur.nl http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39170/ 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z This article investigates the power/knowledge relations between contemporary penal government and criminological theory. Based on an analysis of the strategic case of the Netherlands, the emergence of what can be called neoliberal communitarianism is discussed. In relation to the ‘penal welfarism’ it succeeds, neoliberal communitarianism provides a rationale of governing that allows a greater amount of complexity precisely because it consists of a paradoxical set of doctrines, discourses and techniques. This involves an emphasis on both ‘individual responsibility’ and ‘community’, protecting market and community by tightening social control, law and order and the production of rational self-controlling individuals while excluding the cultural and biological ‘risk citizen’. The article illustrates the incorporation of criminological theories as policy underpinnings, and it explicates how criminological theories can be placed in the discursive space of neoliberal communitarianism. Houdt, F. van Schinkel, W. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39739/ 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z Gentrification has become part and parcel of urban policies throughout the world. Critics have argued against those policies but they have not yet developed concrete and comprehensive alternatives. This paper seeks to remedy this omission by investigating the Belgian 'housing contract' experiment (2005-2007). Quite exceptionally, Belgium's 'housing contract' experiment was based on the premise that housing policies should improve the quality of life in deprived urban neighborhoods without displacing the poor. We investigate both the philosophy of the housing contract experiment as well as its effects. On the basis of this evaluation, we sketch the contours of a housing policy that incorporates rent gap theory and counters the negative effects arising from disinvestment and gentrification. Uitermark, J.L. Loopmans, M. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39597/ 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z This addition to the literature on the European Commission constitutes a contribution to studies of the post-Santer Commission. The book takes the bureaucratic autonomy literature as a theoretical basis (Chapter 2) and rests empirically on a survey of nearly 200 top Commission officials (Chapter 3). In both aspects, the book can be characterized as a trend-follower rather than a trend-setter: Theoretically, it sets forth the trend of the public administration turn in EU studies (Trondal 2007); empirically, the study not only rests on the assumptions of Hooghe’s (2001) study of the Commission but also studies the same group of management-level Commission officials, albeit the population 10 years later. Suvarierol, S. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39968/ 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z Abstract This paper draws on qualitative and quantitative data on the migration experiences of Brazilians living in Portugal and the Netherlands to reflect and expand upon the existing knowledge on the role of social networks in migration processes. We consider different migrant profiles based on principal migration motives to identify differentiated socio-demographic profiles and relate these to migration strategies. We show that differences in the ways migrants access and use social networks in their migration projects can be related to these different migration motives and profiles. Simultaneously, we compare two distinct immigration contexts both in terms of contemporary immigration regimes and working opportunities and historical links to Brazil. Our findings demonstrate that migration scholars need to move beyond the narrow conceptualisation of social networks based on community or kin relationships, to consider multiple configurations involving different agents – both in the origin and destination countries – at different stages of the migration process. In addition, we show that future analyses would benefit from taking into account the differences between migrants driven by distinct motivations in different places. Meeteren, M.J. van Pereira, S. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39980/ 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z Irregular migrants, also referred to as “undocumented migrants” or “illegal migrants,” are immigrants who do not have legal permission to stay in the country they have migrated to and frequently take on informal and precarious employment. They may have entered the country legally – on a tourist visa for example – but are not allowed to reside or work there. There is broad consensus that the numbers and the global scale of irregular migration have increased over the last decades. Although there are no reliable data, it is estimated that there are between 1.9 and 3.8 million irregular migrants in the EU (Vogel 2009), over 10 million in the US, and over 20 million in India (Koser 2007). Meeteren, M.J. van http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38464/ 2012-12-01T00:00:00Z Governments are increasingly developing policies to apprehend and deport unauthorized migrants. Compared to the United States, the legal and administrative framework in Western European countries generally allows for a stricter interior policing of unauthorized migrants. This article describes and explains the limits to in-country migration policing in the Netherlands. On the basis of extensive urban field research in the country's two largest cities, as well as national police apprehension data, it is shown that even in a restrictive policy context immigration rules are not categorically enforced; assumed "deviant" unauthorized migrants run much higher apprehension risks than "nondeviant" unauthorized migrants. However, unauthorized migrants run much higher interior apprehension risks than in the United States. It is argued that the selective interior enforcement of immigration rules can be understood by taking into consideration the interests and values of three local agents that structure in-country migration policing: regular police, neighborhood residents, and city governments. Leerkes, A.S. Varsanyi, M. Engbersen, G.B.M. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37522/ 2012-12-01T00:00:00Z The limited literature on the social activities irregular migrants undertake in their leisure time is dichotomised around two positions. The dominant view holds that irregular migrants are busy surviving and have neither time nor opportunity to engage in recreational activities or to be geographically mobile. Challenged by this one-sided perspective, a few scholars oppose this image and describe the various social activities which their respondents engage in. Drawing on participant observation and 164 interviews with irregular migrants, this article demonstrates that there is more variety in the social activities of irregular migrants than is suggested by this dichotomised debate. In addition, it shows that an approach that takes the aspirations of irregular migrants as the central focus of analysis provides understanding of this diversity in their social lives. Future research on the lives of irregular migrants should therefore take their aspirations into account. Meeteren, M.J. van http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38534/ 2012-11-27T00:00:00Z This article focuses on the relation between agenda dynamics and multi-level governance for a specific type of policy problems: intractable policy controversies. It discusses migrant integration policies in the Netherlands as a case-study, analysing problem, political and policy agendas in the cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam and on the national level, as well as the relation and interaction between these policy levels. The article shows that in a contested policy area like migrant integration, patterns of agenda setting often have a strongly level-specific character, leading to different policy frames and thus complicating modes of governance in multi-level setting. Precisely when the framing of policy problems itself is at stake, level-specific agenda dynamics will produce different policy frames also in multi-level policy settings. This makes multi-level governance in terms of effectively coordinating relations between policy levels to create congruence of policies between different levels a particular challenge when faced with this type of policy problems. Scholten, P.W.A. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38465/ 2012-08-01T00:00:00Z Both the number of crime suspects without legal status and the number of irregular or undocumented immigrants held in detention facilities increased substantially in theNetherlands between 1997 and 2003. In this period, theDutch state increasingly attempted to exclude irregular immigrants from the formal labour market and public provisions. At the same time the registered crime among irregular migrants rose. The 'marginalisation thesis' asserts that a larger number of migrants have become involved in crime in response to a decrease in conventional life chances. Using police and administrative data, the present study takes four alternative interpretations into consideration based on: 1) reclassification of immigrant statuses by the state and redefinition of the law, 2) criminal migration and crossborder crime, 3) changes in policing, and 4) demographic changes. A combination of factors is found to have caused the rise in crime, but the marginalisation thesis still accounts for at least 28%. These findings accentuate the need for a more thorough discussion on the intended and unintended consequences of border control for immigrant crime. Leerkes, A.S. Engbersen, G.B.M. Leun, J.P. van der http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38251/ 2012-07-01T00:00:00Z The literature on immigrant transnationalism and on irregular immigration suggests irregular migrants engage relatively little in transnational activities because of the obstacles associated with their legal and economic statuses. Drawing on participant observation and in-depth interviews with a diverse population of irregular migrants in Belgium and the Netherlands, however, I shall demonstrate in this article that irregular migrants do indeed engage in various transnational activities. Moreover, I argue that a focus on aspirations helps to understand why irregular migrants either do or do not engage in specific transnational activities. Distinguishing between investment, settlement and legalization aspirations, I analyse whether and for what reasons irregular migrants carry out economic, social and political transnational activities. I conclude that future research on transnationalism and on the incorporation of irregular and regular migrants alike could benefit from contextualizing the agency of migrants by taking their aspirations into account. Meeteren, M.J. van http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32776/ 2012-04-01T00:00:00Z New nationalism differs from classical nationalism in terms of its content and focus. Whereas classical nationalism distinguishes itself from other nation-states in defining its national identity, new nationalism distinguishes the 'native' national identity from that of its current and prospective citizens of migrant origin. The terms of integration thus become conditions of membership in the national community. Citizenship and integration policies emerge as central arenas where the discourse of new nationalism unfolds. This study looks into the discourses of cultural citizenship by studying the content of the official 'citizenship packages' - materials designed to welcome newcomers and assist them in their integration - in three Western European countries: The Netherlands, France and the UK. What images are depicted of the nation-state and the migrant in citizenship packages, and (how) do these images freeze the nation?. Suvarierol, S. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39162/ 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In het Nederlandse armoedebeleid van de afgelopen decennia ligt een sterke nadruk op het belang van werk als oplossing van armoede. Uitgangspunt is dat werk moet lonen en dat een voltijdbaan in beginsel voldoende inkomen moet opleveren om als volwaardig burger binnen de samenleving te kunnen participeren. De vraag is echter in hoeverre werk mensen direct uit de armoede haalt. Zo verschijnen er berichten in de pers over werkende armen in Nederland (Tinnemans 2009; Stoker 2010) en is duidelijk dat het verschijnsel ‘werkende armoede’ niet alleen voorkomt in marginale verzorgingsstaten zoals de Verenigde Staten (Newman 1999; Ehrenreich 2002), maar ook in Nederland en in andere West-Europese landen (De Beer 1999; Josten 2007; Andreβ en Lohman 2008; Snel et al. 2008; Snel en De Boom 2008). Tot midden jaren ’90 was het typische gezicht van armoede in Nederland de bijstandsgerechtigde die permanent afhankelijk is van de overheid (Engbersen 1993). Sindsdien is dat beeld meer genuanceerd. Naast de ‘uitkeringsafhankelijke arme’, is er ook sprake van ‘werkende armen’ in Nederland. Zo zijn er volgens Josten (2007: 79) in Nederland ruim 280 duizend werkende armen (gegevens over de periode 2002-2004). In bijna de helft van de gevallen gaat het om personen die fulltime werken (35 uur per week of meer). Dit betekent dat pakweg 4 procent van alle werkenden in Nederland een inkomen onder de armoedegrens heeft. Bij zelfstandigen ligt de kans op armoede echter aanzienlijk hoger: 12 procent van alle zelfstandigen heeft een inkomen onder de armoedegrens. Josten laat ten slotte zien dat het aantal werkende armen in Nederland de afgelopen decennia sterk is gestegen, van 147 duizend in 1990 tot 310 duizend in 2005; meer dan een verdubbeling van het aantal werkende armen in vijftien jaar tijd (Josten 2007: 83). Snel, E. Slot, J. Nottelman, N. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38572/ 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z In haar openbare les uit 2009 beschrijft Van der Leun het proces van ‘crimmigratie’, de samensmelting van strafrecht en migratiewetgeving, en gaat ze in op de vraag of dit proces zich ook in Nederland voordoet.1 Ze behandelt dit aan de hand van drie elementen: de aanpak van mensenhandel en mensensmokkel, de mogelijke strafbaarstelling illegaal verblijf, en de ongewenstverklaringen. Het aantal ongewenstverklaringen blijkt sinds 2000 fors te zijn toegenomen: van 750 personen naar 1750 personen in 2005 − en lijkt zich nu te stabiliseren rond 1500 personen. De strafrechtelijke aanpak van mensenhandel en mensensmokkel richt zich primair op de werkgevers, de mensensmokkelaars en de huisjesmelkers en niet zozeer op de vermeende slachtoffers. Ook was er in 2009 geen sprake van een kabinet dat illegaal verblijf op dat moment strafbaar wilde stellen. Integendeel, in het debat dat in die periode over strafbaarstelling van illegaal verblijf werd gevoerd, was de eindconclusie om hiervan verder af te zien vanuit de gedachte dat deze strafbaarstelling weinig zou toevoegen aan het palet van middelen dat de overheid al ter beschikking stond om illegaal verblijf te ontmoedigen en aan te pakken. Van der Leun concludeert dan ook dat als er al sprake is van samensmelting van het strafrecht en migratiewetgeving, het dan toch vooral om selectieve vormen gaat en stelt voorzichtig dat er ‘tekenen van crimmigratie zichtbaar zijn’. In deze bijdrage zal ik mij allereerst kort richten op het beantwoorden van de vraag of dit als gematigd getypeerde proces van crimmigratie inmiddels niet een stap verder is. In de tweede plaats zal ik de vraag beantwoorden wat de consequenties zijn van dit proces van crimmigratie voor het verblijf van illegale vreemdelingen in Nederland. Ik zal bij de beantwoording van deze laatste vraag vrijelijk putten uit Nederlands onderzoek dat sinds het midden van de jaren negentig van de vorige eeuw is verricht onder illegale vreemdelingen. ... Staring, R.H.J.M. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/38246/ 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z The recent scholarly debate on policies and discourses with regard to citizenship in the Netherlands point to a moralization or culturalization of citizenship. This article aims to contribute to this debate by zooming into the current contents of citizenship education. We make a comparative analysis of the contents of textbooks for citizenship education that are used for civic integration courses for migrants and for primary and secondary school students in the Netherlands. Our findings show that citizenship has indeed gained a moral content in both contexts but that the difference lies in the norms that are stressed and how they are conveyed to the target population of future citizens. Whereas civic integration books for migrants emphasize the importance of learning local procedures and habits in order to belong to the Dutch national community, primary and secondary school books underscore the importance of dealing with cultural diversity in the multicultural society. Lems, M. Suvarierol, S. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25826/ 2011-08-22T00:00:00Z The European Union in general and the European Commission in particular are characterised by supranational governance. The enlargement policy gives the Commission the opportunity to export and promote supranational norms and define the boundaries of Europe as a supranational polity through the conditionality of membership and intensive contact with the candidate countries. This article analyses the discourses of the Commission on Turkey and gives us insights into how well Turkey fits the supranational model in the eyes of Commission officials. It demonstrates how the boundaries of supranationalism are set and even challenged by the prospects of Turkey’s accession. Düzgit, S.A. Suvarierol, S. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/31718/ 2011-07-09T00:00:00Z Abstract The paper starts with the observation that gentrification literature gives different accounts of the social consequences of gentrification. Whereas some observers underline the negative consequences of gentrification for indigenous residents or even equate gentrification with ‘displacement’. If gentrification does not result in the actual out-migration of local residents, they often do not feel at home anymore in the neighbourhood that has changed due to the influx of middle class households (‘displacement pressure’). Other authors relativize the negative consequences of gentrification arguing that indigenous residents benefit as well from improvements in gentrifying districts (more shops, more safety due to increased police supervision, etcetera). This theoretical discussion leads to the research question how local residents of three Rotterdam districts perceive and evaluate (starting) gentrification in their neighbourhood. Our findings are less unambiguous than these theoretical perspectives would suggest. On the one hand, indigenous residents appreciate what they see as improving living conditions in their neighbourhoods. These neighbourhood improvements are partly the result of a greater attention and stricter policies of public institutions in gentrifying districts. However, these improvements also result from single-handed interventions of local residents and community organizations themselves. On the other hand, some respondents regret what is seen as the loss of old habits and the traditional working class culture and identity of these neighbourhoods. The question is, however, whether the working class culture of these areas disappeared as a result of gentrification or following the earlier out-migration of native Dutch families from these areas and the influx of immigrant households. Snel, E. Aussen, S.G.C. Berkhof, F. Renlo, Q. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37514/ 2011-07-01T00:00:00Z In Nederland volgen thans zo’n 3.500 tot 4.000 studenten met een Antilliaanse achtergrond hoger onderwijs. Velen van hen zijn in Nederland geboren en/of getogen, maar ieder jaar ko-men ook een 250 tot 300 studenten rechtstreeks van Curaçao of de andere eilanden in het Ca-ribische deel van het Koninkrijk met de ‘bursalenvlucht’ naar Nederland om daar te studeren. Nederland biedt nu eenmaal veel meer keuze in beroeps- en universitaire opleidingen dan Curaçao en de overige Antilliaanse eilanden. Bovendien hebben de betrokkenen in Nederland recht op studiefinanciering. Entzinger, H.B. Touburg, G. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23974/ 2011-05-01T00:00:00Z As Western European nation-states adapt to the challenges posed to the nation-state by globalization and immigration, adjusting citizenship criteria for immigrants has been one of the responses to these developments. This article compares the current changes in citizenship policies of three Western European states: the United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands. The main concern of the article is to shed light on the emerging development of a form of neoliberal communitarian citizenship that involves an increased emphasis on the need to earn one's citizenship. While many have signalled a shift towards neoliberal citizenship, this study assesses to what extent such a shift is characterized by a contractual view that sees citizenship no longer primarily as a prima facie right but as a prized possession that is to be earned and can be lost if not properly cultivated. At the same time, the study analyses the content of citizenship criteria to see how the nation-state in these three countries is sacralized by an emphasis on the national community. These two trends of earned citizenship are conceptualized in the study as neoliberal communitarianism. Houdt, F. van Suvarierol, S. Schinkel, W. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23973/ 2011-05-01T00:00:00Z With its institutional motto of “unity in diversity,” the European Union (EU) officially embraces a cosmopolitan outlook. This article argues that this motto becomes reality within the institutions of the EU as the officials undergo a cosmopolitan transformation process by experiencing cultural diversity on a daily basis. This cosmopolitanism, however, is not without limits. The discussions on Turkey’s EU candidacy are a case in point. By analyzing the discourses of Commission officials with regard to their own identity as well as their discourses on the Turkish elite, this article assesses the extent and limits of cosmopolitanism in the European Commission and its general implications for the EU. Suvarierol, S. Düzgit, S.A. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/33027/ 2011-04-01T00:00:00Z In december vorig jaar verschenen op opeenvolgende dagen twee ogenschijnlijk tegengestelde krantenberichten over arbeids-migranten uit Polen en andere Midden- en Oost-Europese landen in Nederland. Het ene bericht ging over de positieve bijdrage van Poolse arbeidsmigranten aan de Rotterdamse deelgemeente Charlois. “In Charlois zijn ze maar wat blij met hun Polen”, zo kopte de Volkskrant. Het feit dat de meeste Polen werken, zich blijvend in de wijk willen vestigen, hun kinderen het goed doen op school en de ouders zeer betrokken zijn bij school wordt positief gewaardeerd in de wijk. Wel wordt opgemerkt dat Roemeense en Bulgaarse arbeidsmigranten een andere uitgangspositie hebben en het daarom minder goed doen in de wijk (de Volkskrant 10-12-2010). Een dag later signaleerde de Haagse wethouder Norder een groeiende marginalisering onder de arbeidsmigranten uit Middenen Oost-Europa in Den Haag: migranten die hier kwamen om te werken, verliezen hun werk – mede door de crisis – en daardoor vaak ook hun huisvesting. Zo ontstaat er een nieuwe en groeiende groep ‘drop outs’ in Den Haag: dakloze migranten in een ‘uitzichtloze situatie’ die desondanks niet terug naar eigen land gaan, volgens Norder omdat ze ‘gezichtsverlies’ vrezen als ze in deze situatie teruggaan (de Volkskrant 11-12-2010). Snel, F.G Engbersen, G.B.M. Ilies, M. Meij, R. van der Hamberg, J.