http://repub.eur.nl/res/concept/jel-D2/ Recent publications classified by JEL Code D2 en http://repub.eur.nl/static-eur/img/logo.png http://repub.eur.nl http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/39515/ 2013-04-09T00:00:00Z We analyze the initial intellectual property (IP) right of 4,703 start-up entrants in the US, distinguishing between trademark and patent applications. The results show that start-ups are more likely to file for a trademark instead of a patent when entering into more competitive market structures. Further, we find that start-ups with a focus on distribution that serves end-consumers are more likely to file for a trademark and that start-ups that operate upstream and sell to other businesses are more likely to file for a patent. Lastly, the external influences on a start-up‟s management, such as the involvement of a venture capitalist (VC), affect IP applications. The increased incentive of VC-backed start-ups to become operational on the market makes them more likely to file initial IP in the form of a trademark rather than a patent. Among other factors, we control for R&D and advertising intensity in the industry and distinguish between more technical and more service-driven industries. De Vries, G.A. Pennings, H.P.G. Block, J.H. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37879/ 2012-11-22T00:00:00Z A principal-agent model is formulated to capture the efficiency of cooperatives with a member CEO and cooperatives with an employed outsider as CEO. Results of the model show that the incentive strength regarding the member CEO is stronger compared to that of the outside CEO in order to shift some effort of the member CEO from individual farming into the task of adding value to the cooperative enterprise. A cooperative with a member CEO is uniquely efficient when upstream and downstream tasks are substitutes to a certain extent, or complements. When the tasks are substitutes, the efficient CEO identity depends on the strength of the substitution effect and the difference of the marginal productivities between the two tasks. The scope of cooperatives with a member CEO being efficient becomes smaller when the substitution effect is at an intermediate level or the productivity difference between the two tasks is limited. Liang, Q.X. Hendrikse, G.W.J. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32840/ 2012-06-01T00:00:00Z To counterbalance the proliferation of studies on the emergence of new organizational categories, this study asked how organizational categories disappear. In a historical case study of vemen in Rotterdam warehousing, specific mechanisms contributing to the demise of that category are identified, paying particular attention to category labels, schemas, and members’ positioning within categories. A comparison with a similar but more persistent category in the port of Antwerp helps identify the possible causal mechanisms at work. A set of theoretical propositions is presented, as well as suggestions for re-specifying models of industry evolution, including accounting for the impact of posers. Kuilman, J.G. Driel, H. van http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32667/ 2012-05-16T00:00:00Z This paper studies how social relationships between managers and employees affect relational incentive contracts. To this end we develop a simple dynamic principal-agent model where both players may have feelings of altruism or spite toward each other. The contract may contain two types of incentives for the agent to work hard: a bonus and a threat of dismissal. We find that good social relationships undermine the credibility of a threat of dismissal but strengthen the credibility of a bonus. Among others, these two mechanisms imply that better social relationships sometimes lead to higher bonuses, while worse social relationships may increase productivity and players' utility in equilibrium. Dur, A.J. Tichem, J. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37297/ 2012-05-01T00:00:00Z We model entrepreneurship and the emergence of firms as an outcome of simultaneous bidding for labor services among heterogeneous agents. What distinguishes our approach from prior work is that occupational choice and job matching are determined simultaneously, so that the opportunity costs of entrepreneurs are accounted for. Those who are relatively unmanageable, while possibly excellent managers themselves, become entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs compete and create value by building efficient organizations and offering potentially well-paid jobs to others. While the entry of an additional entrepreneur typically reduces some individual wages, we show that it always raises the average wage and depresses the average income of incumbent entrepreneurs. This result may help explain the empirically low returns to entrepreneurship. Roessler, C. Koellinger, Ph.D. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32994/ 2012-04-30T00:00:00Z Using data from the universe of Danish manufacturing firms and workers over the period 1995-2007, we estimate output gains linked to productivity spillovers through worker mobility, and calculate the shares in these gains accrued to firms, to the workers who bring spillovers, and to the rest of the workers. Applying our results to the manufacturing sector as a whole, the total output gains average at 0.16% per year, of which 80% is retained by the firms, 15% by the rest of the workers, and only 5% goes to the workers who bring spillovers. We therefore conclude that output gains through worker mobility are largely a positive externality for hiring firms. Stoyanov, A. Zubanov, N.V. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37701/ 2012-04-01T00:00:00Z Using matched firm-worker data from Danish manufacturing, we observe firm-to-firm worker movements and find that firms that hired workers from more productive firms experience productivity gains one year after the hiring. The productivity gains associated with hiring from more productive firms are equivalent to 0.35 percent per year for an average firm. Surviving a variety of statistical controls, these gains increase with education, tenure, and skill level of new hires, persist for several years after the hiring was done, and remain broadly similar for different industries and measures of productivity. Competing explanations for these gains, knowledge spillovers in particular, are discussed. Stoyanov, A. Zubanov, N.V. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37798/ 2012-04-01T00:00:00Z We determine the circumstances when the absence of public listing, often believed to be a disadvantage, makes a cooperative the unique efficient governance structure. This is established in a multi-task principal-agent model, capturing that cooperatives are not publicly listed and their CEOs have to bring the downstream enterprise to value as well as to serve upstream member interests. Not having a public listing prevents the CEO from choosing the level of the downstream activities too high. Cooperatives are uniquely efficient when the upstream marginal product multiplied with a function increasing in the strength of the chain complementarities is higher than the downstream marginal product. Feng, L. Hendrikse, G.W.J. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/37296/ 2012-02-23T00:00:00Z We model entrepreneurship and the emergence of …rms as an out- come of simultaneous bidding for labor services among heterogeneous agents. What distinguishes our approach from prior work is that oc- cupational choice and job matching are determined simultaneously, so that the opportunity costs of entrepreneurs are accounted for. Those who are relatively unmanageable, while possibly excellent managers themselves, become entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs compete and create value by building e¢ cient organizations and o¤ering potentially well- paid jobs to others. While the entry of an additional entrepreneur typically reduces some individual wages, we show that it always raises the average wage and depresses the average income of incumbent en- trepreneurs. This result may help explain the empirically low returns to entrepreneurship. Roessler, C. Koellinger, Ph.D. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/25740/ 2011-09-01T00:00:00Z The measurement of total factor productivity change (or difference) vis-à-vis labor productivity change crucially depends on the measurement and decomposition of capital input cost. This paper discusses the basics of its measurement and shows that one can dispense with the usual neoclassical assumptions. By virtue of its structural features, the measurement model is applicable to individual establishments and aggregates such as industries, sectors, or economies. © 2011 The Author. Review of Income and Wealth Balk, B.M. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23554/ 2011-06-23T00:00:00Z This research describes the objective measurement of CEO narcissism and its impact on organizational outcomes. Narcissism forms an essential element for effective leadership and is as such an important personal characteristic for CEOs. CEO narcissism can be measured by investigating five determinants of CEO behavior, comprising media exposure, compensation, power, growth and perquisites. The CEO narcissism score is based on these five determinants by a massive data collection of fifteen objective variables for 953 S&P500 CEOs. The composed CEO narcissism score reflects the psycho logically validated factor solution of narcissism. CEOs who have been identified as narcissists by leading psychologists have a top score in this research. The results of the first empirical impact study show an intricate relationship between CEO narcissism and financial accounting performance measures which can be visualized by a concave parabola. This relationship confirms the view that narcissism is an essential element for effective CEO leadership, but is however not without its pitfalls for either too low or too high levels of narcissism. The results of the second empirical impact study indicate a negative relationship between CEO narcissism and countervailing power of the board. High narcissistic CEOs do not tolerate contradiction and surround themselves with followers. The third impact study examines the relationship between CEO narcissism and fraud propensity as alleged in AAERs by the SEC. The results show that high narcissistic CEOs are more inclined to commit managerial fraud to keep up appearances and retain their status. The empirical results theoretically contribute to the psychological perspective of narcissism as a double edged sword and provide an indication to expand the upper echelon theory with the CEOs narcissistic personality. The practical contribution of this research enables stakeholders to monitor CEO narcissism by applying objective measures and trying to retain productive CEO narcissism levels. Rijsenbilt, J.A. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/22999/ 2011-04-14T00:00:00Z Strategic and corporate entrepreneurship have been widely acknowledged by scholars and executives alike as an effective means of revitalizing organizations to improve performance. Spurring entrepreneurial behavior and exploration within established organizations, however, remains a big challenge facing today’s businesses. As organizations grow and age over time, like people in general, they tend to become set in their ways of thinking, learning, managing and acting – they become less flexible and less willing to sense and seize new opportunities. There is little doubt that the mindsets and organizational attributes needed for exploring and leveraging new opportunities are radically different from those needed for smoothening ongoing operations, making it difficult to pursue both sets of activities at the same time within an organization. Given the importance for future sustainable growth, scholars have yet to uncover how organizations may reconcile conflicting demands and resolve the challenges associated with corporate entrepreneurship’s emphasis on leveraging existing opportunities as well as new ones ‘out there’. The aim of this inaugural address is to draw the foundations and to identify emergent opportunities for moving forward research on strategic entrepreneur - ship in general and on corporate entrepreneurship in particular. It considers the challenges associated with corporate entrepreneurship and details important organizational and managerial features of successful organizations that span different levels of analysis. The inaugural address concludes that the integration of theory and research in strategic management and entrepreneurship using such a multilevel approach generates valuable new research avenues underlying a prosperous research agenda. Jansen, J.J.P. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/22155/ 2011-01-13T00:00:00Z How do offshoring strategies impact firm performance? And how are innovation, absorptive capacity and firm size influencing this relationship? This research investigates how firms of varying size, well-established firms and growing firms may profit from relocating business activities to foreign locations. Offshoring strategies are conceptualized as consisting of both organizational attributes – i.e. function offshored, governance mode and location – and strategic attributes – i.e. cost, resource and entrepreneurial drivers. Data has been collected in Europe and the US in collaboration with (1) the Offshoring Research Network (ORN), (2) Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and Statistics Europe (Eurostat), and (3) business partners. First, the results show that firms of different sizes, i.e. small, medium-sized and large firms, may all profit from offshoring strategies. Different theories, among which transaction cost economics, the resource-based view and entrepreneurship theory, help to explain the different rationales these firms may have their respective strategies. Second, this research indicates that well-established firms do not – or not yet – move beyond cost advantages to improve their competitive position. By applying learning theory, innovation is shown to have an impact on the relationship between offshoring strategy, i.e. function diversity and governance diversity, and competitive position. Third, the knowledge-based view of the firm helps to demonstrate that companies realize additional firm growth by offshoring core functions, while the effect of outsource offshoring on firm growth is contingent upon absorptive capacity. Fourth, the changes over time that firms exhibit in their location choice are explained by way of internationalization theory. While nearshore experience is important for farshoring, experience with farshoring also increases the likelihood of nearshoring, which is an indication of the importance of experience. Roza- van Vuren, M.W. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/34714/ 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z Abstract: This paper investigates the dynamics of the informal sector in Madagascar during a period of fragile growth. Overall, the behavior of informal firms in terms of earnings, employment and capital accumulation points to a degree of heterogeneity which goes beyond a simple dualistic model and even a more refined model that would distinguish between an upper entrepreneurial and a lower subsistence tier within the informal sector. However, in line with the dualistic model, the informal sector indeed fulfils a labor absorbing function in times of crisis. During the growth period we see capital accumulation in most of the sectors and lots of evidence that households expand their activities. However, this happens mainly through the creation of new firms instead of the expansion of existing ones, which is consistent with much higher returns at very low levels of capital. More rapid expansion can be observed in sectors that operate with lower capital intensity, which is also consistent with risk or credit constraints as major deterrents to expansion. While there is some indication that total factor productivity increased over time, returns to capital and labor where not higher at the end of the observation period than at the beginning. Returns are also rather low at high levels of capital. These findings point to a limited growth potential of the informal sector as a whole. The heterogeneity in capital returns hints at large inefficiencies in allocating capital across informal firms. Grimm, M. Lay, J. Vaillant, J. Roubaud, F. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/21150/ 2010-11-04T00:00:00Z One of the fundamental tenets of strategic management is that innovation can help organizations outperform their competitors. While technological innovation has been predominant in research, less attention has been given to management innovation, which addresses changes in the way managerial work itself is performed through the adoption of new practices, processes and structures. This dissertation identifies and investigates the role of managers as the central internal change agents capable of enabling the pursuit of management innovation within firms. In doing so, the role of internal change agents spanning several hierarchical levels is studied: chief executive officers, top management teams, and self-managing teams. The studies reported in this dissertation suggest a key role for internal change agents in the pursuit of management innovation by displaying a wide spectrum of leadership traits, articulating a compelling vision, providing an environment conducive to change and supporting the implementation of new practices, processes and structures. This dissertation also suggests that potential synergies exist between technological and management innovation, underscoring the need to consider changes in what is produced next to changes in how the work of management is performed. Vaccaro, I.G. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/20457/ 2010-09-17T00:00:00Z The vertical organization of production entails a range of make-or-buy decisions of intermediate goods that are influenced by the difficulty of writing contracts with a potential supplier. When contracting causes high transaction costs, a firm can decide to vertically integrate the production of the intermediate product. Contract complexity can be measured by decomposing the range of inputs into inputs that are traded on an exchange (low contract complexity), inputs for which reference prices exist (low to medium contract complexity) and other, often relationship-specific inputs (medium to high contract complexity). This inaugural lecture addresses the impact of contract complexity on the growth opportunities of a firm. The present value of growth opportunities are embedded in the market value of a firm, which is a multiple of the firm’ stock price. Examining the relation between the growth opportunities as part of the market value and contract complexity, we find that contract complexity has a negative impact on the growth opportunities of a firm if vertical integration is difficult. Whereas, on average, growth opportunities account for 56% of the market value of a firm, this percentage ranges between 50% and 53% for firms in sectors where contracts are complex and vertical integration is difficult. The difference represents a current market value between € 12 bn. and € 24 bn. only taking into account Dutch listed firms. Pennings, H.P.G. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/20632/ 2010-09-09T00:00:00Z One of the most difficult challenges for organizations is to innovate beyond their existing technological and market trajectories. Despite being complex, exploratory innovation is needed for the long-term survival of the enterprise. Existing studies point to economic triggers that can foster its pursuit: decline of firm performance or availability of slack resources. However, these factors may still fail to ensure adaptation if organizations are unable to act on emerging opportunities or to respond timely to environmental threats. This dissertation advocates a behavioral and learning approach to study exploratory innovation. The concept is dissected into four organizational issues and processes: creation of search routines, learning of divergent knowledge, environmental sensing and strategic decision making. A framework for the antecedents, mediators and moderators of exploratory innovation is developed by combining insights from organizational social capital and upper echelon literature. The empirical studies that examined specific relationships from the framework demonstrated the significance of organizational and top management team (TMT) social capital as antecedents of exploratory innovation. Firms that explore often possess also a capability for knowledge acquisition. TMTs tap into their social capital by engaging in external and internal advice seeking. Findings show that external advice seeking can promote exploratory innovation in firms with homogeneous TMTs and comprehensive decision making in organizations with less empowered lower-level managers. Alexiev, A.S. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/20455/ 2010-07-23T00:00:00Z Using the upper echelons perspective together with corporate governance and strategic renewal literature, this paper investigates how top managers’ corporate governance orientation influences a firm’s strategic renewal trajectories over time. Through both a qualitative analysis (1907-2004) and a quantitative analysis (1959-2004), we investigate this under-researched question within the context of a large incumbent firm: Royal Dutch Shell plc. Our results indicate that top managers having an Anglo-Saxon corporate governance orientation are more likely to pursue exploitative and external-growth strategic renewal trajectories, while those having a Rhine corporate governance orientation are more likely to pursue exploratory and internal-growth strategic renewal trajectories. We also found a positive moderating effect of the proportion of shareholders from the Anglo-Saxon countries on exploitative and external-growth strategic renewal trajectories. Our findings indicate that top managers’ corporate governance orientation can be an important antecedent of strategic renewal and of organisational ambidexterity, both of which influence corporate longevity. Kwee, Z. Bosch, F.A.J. van den Volberda, H.W. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/20068/ 2010-06-17T00:00:00Z Business is becoming increasingly international. At the same time, governments are intervening more in the conduct of business. A further development is the growing significance of emerging economies, many of which have a tradition of active government involvement with business. Taken together, these trends make it imperative to understand the relationships between firms and their institutional contexts. Conventional theories adopt an over-rationalized view of these relationships international business. Their apolitical perspective misses the fact that in order to build and maintain international operations, firms need to develop political relations with governments and institutions in home countries and abroad. The aim of this lecture is to develop an alternative perspective with particular reference to the internationalization of firms, large and small. This considers how multinationals gain international positions through bargaining power with foreign governments. By contrast, SMEs face liabilities in dealing with foreign governments and instead often have to achieve internationalization through networking with other SMEs, with domestic communities and support agencies via various forms of social innovation. The lecture concludes that political and social innovation perspectives open new research avenues in the field of international business. Rodrigues, S.B. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/18458/ 2010-03-19T00:00:00Z The globalization and liberalization of national economies have contributed to an increasing diffusion of Anglo-American corporate governance practices worldwide. In this dissertation, we examine the spread of two types of corporate governance beliefs: the emerging focus on board independence and a shareholder value orientation. Through a series of five studies, utilizing multiple theoretical lenses, levels of analysis and methods, we analyze developments in the formal independence of supervisory boards and a greater focus on shareholder value in the Netherlands, and examine the antecedents and consequences of these phenomena. In doing so, we contribute to the enrichment of theories on diffusion processes as well as to the understanding of key changes in the Dutch corporate governance landscape. We show that (i) substantive change has taken place in the governance of listed corporations, (ii) the technical, political and cultural contexts in which firms operate explain companies’ (non)response to prevailing corporate governance beliefs, (iii) changing corporate governance beliefs may be associated with unintended consequences and negative performance implications, and (iv) macro contextual factors have a significant impact on the aforementioned processes. Thereby, our findings highlight important avenues for further research. Furthermore, we provide directors, regulators, shareholders and other stakeholders with new insights in key corporate governance developments, in particular in the Netherlands. Bezemer, P.J.