Direct DNA damage reversal: Elegant solutions for nasty problems
March 2009
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The genomic integrity of all living organisms is constantly jeopardized by physical [e.g. ultraviolet (UV) light, ionizing radiation] and chemical (e.g. environmental pollutants, endogenously produced reactive metabolites) agents that damage the DNA. To overcome the deleterious effects of DNA lesions, nature evolved a number of complex multi-protein repair processes with broad, partially overlapping substrate specificity. In marked contrast, cells may use very simple repair systems, referred to as direct DNA damage reversal, that rely on a single protein, remove lesions in a basically error-free manner, show high substrate specificity, and do not involve incision of the sugar-phosphate backbone or base excision. This concise review deals with two types of direct DNA damage reversal: (i) the repair of alkylating damage by alkyltransferases and dioxygenases, and (ii) the repair of UV-induced damage by spore photoproduct lyases and photolyases. (Part of a Multi-author Review).
- human
- metabolism
- genetics
- nonhuman
- animal
- gene mutation
- review
- DNA repair
- UV damage
- dioxygenase
- protein function
- phylogeny
- Alkylation damage
- DNA binding
- DNA damage
- DNA polymorphism
- Dioxygenase
- Methyltransferease
- Photolyase
- Spore photoproduct lyase
- alkylating agent
- azacitidine
- bacterial protein
- carcinogenesis
- chemical structure
- chemistry
- cryptochrome
- deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase
- double stranded DNA
- drug mechanism
- environmental exposure
- enzyme analysis
- enzyme binding
- enzyme specificity
- excision repair
- lyase
- photoreactivation
- species difference
- sugar phosphate
- transferase
- ultraviolet irradiation
- ultraviolet radiation
