%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
Anneke S. de Vos, Wilma A. Stolk, Sake J. de Vlas, Luc E. Coffeng
The effect of assortative mixing on stability of low helminth transmission levels and on the impact of mass drug administration: Model explorations for onchocerciasis
www.plosntds.org
www.plosntds.org
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 12 0 R/Annots 13 0 R/Contents 14 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
13 0 obj
[15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R]
endobj
15 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref001)>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref002)>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref003)>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref004)>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref005)>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref006)>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref010)>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 23 0 R>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<>
endobj
14 0 obj
[24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R]
endobj
24 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.955 g
0 w
199.9998 655.23 m
575.9997 655.23 l
575.9997 429.2306 l
199.9998 429.2306 l
f*
0.45 0.36 0.35 0.01 k
575.9997 680.2299 m
199.9998 680.2299 l
199.9998 680.73 l
575.9997 680.73 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
556.6677 354.8976 m
561.4299 354.8976 l
h
f*
563.6409 354.8976 m
568.4031 354.8976 l
h
f*
523.6157 315.9496 m
528.378 315.9496 l
h
f*
262.8283 159.9307 m
267.5906 159.9307 l
h
f*
269.8016 159.9307 m
274.5638 159.9307 l
h
f*
544.252 146.948 m
549.0142 146.948 l
h
f*
554.1732 146.948 m
563.6976 146.948 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
9.5 0 0 9.5 200.0125 707.7543 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0042 Tc
0 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
5.0008 0 Td
(mixing.)Tj
3.3539 0 Td
(Local)Tj
2.578 0 Td
(spatial)Tj
3.0674 0 Td
(variation)Tj
3.9506 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.9846 0 Td
(larval)Tj
2.5721 0 Td
(infection)Tj
3.8969 0 Td
(intensity)Tj
3.8431 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.9847 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.5934 0 Td
(blackfly)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(interme-)Tj
-35.3404 -1.474 Td
(diate)Tj
2.3572 0 Td
(host)Tj
2.0887 0 Td
(may)Tj
2.1006 0 Td
(also)Tj
2.029 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.3129 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.3188 0 Td
(indicator)Tj
3.9506 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0443 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
5.0069 0 Td
(mixing.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 209.9905 637.2283 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Author)Tj
3.137 0 Td
(summary)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 209.9905 619.2566 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Most)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(mathematical)Tj
5.6466 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.1067 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(parasitic)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(worm)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(infections)Tj
4.1556 0 Td
(predict)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(prevalences)Tj
-30.2001 -1.3039 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(fade)Tj
1.8936 0 Td
(out)Tj
1.5533 0 Td
(spontaneously)Tj
5.9528 0 Td
(because)Tj
3.3221 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(mating)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(probability)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(male)Tj
-32.5585 -1.2982 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(worms.)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(However,)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(sustained)Tj
3.9741 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6555 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4843 0 Td
(situations)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(do)Tj
1.253 0 Td
(exist)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(reality.)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(Low)Tj
-33.3182 -1.2983 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4843 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(become)Tj
3.3221 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(particular)Tj
4.1103 0 Td
(interest)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(now)Tj
1.9559 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(several)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(worm)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(infections)Tj
4.1555 0 Td
(are)Tj
-33.8794 -1.3039 Td
(being)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(targeted)Tj
3.4639 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(elimination)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(question)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(arises)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3688 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(areas)Tj
-33.3635 -1.2983 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(driven)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(locally)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(should)Tj
2.9197 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(targeted)Tj
3.4582 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(interventions.)Tj
5.7599 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(hypothesise)Tj
4.8869 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(expla-)Tj
-32.9383 -1.2982 Td
(nation)Tj
2.8232 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(existence)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6555 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4843 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
4.4276 0 Td
(mixing,)Tj
3.2769 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(prefer-)Tj
-32.4621 -1.304 Td
(ential)Tj
2.4377 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0558 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(high-risk)Tj
3.8494 0 Td
(groups)Tj
2.9707 0 Td
(among)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(themselves)Tj
4.5638 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(play)Tj
1.8708 0 Td
(an)Tj
-34.6731 -1.2982 Td
(important)Tj
4.2802 0 Td
(role)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(infectious)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(diseases.)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(onchocerciasis,)Tj
6.2872 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
-31.4643 -1.2983 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(would)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(mean)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(sustained)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(sub-group)Tj
4.354 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(people)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(con-)Tj
-32.6152 -1.3039 Td
(nected)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
(sub-population)Tj
6.3326 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(blackfly)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(intermediate)Tj
5.3234 0 Td
(host)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(mix)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(preferentially)Tj
5.5332 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(each)Tj
-33.3238 -1.2983 Td
(other.)Tj
2.5738 0 Td
(Using)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(mathematical)Tj
5.6466 0 Td
(model,)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3323 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(how)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
4.4276 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0558 0 Td
(allows)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(sustained)Tj
-31.6627 -1.2982 Td
(low)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(prevalences)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(show)Tj
2.296 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.788 0 Td
(decreases)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(probability)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(interrupting)Tj
5.125 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(by)Tj
-34.6391 -1.2983 Td
(means)Tj
2.8062 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(drug)Tj
2.1147 0 Td
(administration.)Tj
6.3949 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(further)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(identify)Tj
3.2939 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(sources)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(used)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(to)Tj
-34.4804 -1.3039 Td
(quantify)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(degree)Tj
2.8517 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
4.4333 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(settings.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 386.022 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Introduction)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 369.0141 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Onchocerciasis)Tj
6.3042 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4843 0 Td
(varies)Tj
2.5342 0 Td
(widely)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(geographical)Tj
5.3007 0 Td
(locations,)Tj
4.0422 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(nodule)Tj
2.999 0 Td
(and)Tj
-34.0098 -1.3039 Td
(microfiladermia)Tj
6.684 0 Td
(\(mf\))Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4901 0 Td
(levels)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(adults)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(ranging)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(just)Tj
1.6668 0 Td
(above)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(0%)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(80%)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(1)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(2)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-35.3251 -1.2982 Td
(Onchocerciasis)Tj
6.3042 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(programmes)Tj
5.3064 0 Td
(historically)Tj
4.6262 0 Td
(aimed)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(morbidity)Tj
4.2406 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(focussed)Tj
-32.5301 -1.2983 Td
(interventions)Tj
5.5388 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(so-called)Tj
3.736 0 Td
(meso)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(hyperendemic)Tj
5.947 0 Td
(areas,)Tj
2.4662 0 Td
(i.e.)Tj
1.3606 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(mf)Tj
1.3323 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4843 0 Td
(levels)Tj
-34.4463 -1.2983 Td
(above)Tj
2.5454 0 Td
(40%.)Tj
2.1544 0 Td
(Many)Tj
2.5511 0 Td
(hypoendemic)Tj
5.6579 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(\(mf)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
0 Tc
4.4844 0 Td
(<)Tj
/F6 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(40%\))Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(left)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(untreated)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(3)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(Now)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.7673 -1.3039 Td
(target)Tj
2.5114 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(shifted)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(elimination)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4741 0 Td
(question)Tj
3.6566 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(arisen)Tj
2.6248 0 Td
(whether)Tj
3.4809 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(hypoendemic)Tj
5.6579 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(can)Tj
-35.5745 -1.2982 Td
(maintain)Tj
3.838 0 Td
(themselves)Tj
4.5581 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(act)Tj
1.3776 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(source)Tj
2.8346 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(infection)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(achieved)Tj
3.7021 0 Td
(elimina-)Tj
-33.9078 -1.2983 Td
(tion.)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(If)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(so,)Tj
1.3096 0 Td
(hypoendemic)Tj
5.6636 0 Td
(areas)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(should)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(covered)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(elimination)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(campaigns.)Tj
4.7112 0 Td
(Answering)Tj
4.5751 0 Td
(these)Tj
-34.8659 -1.3039 Td
(questions)Tj
4.0195 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5704 0 Td
(straightforward,)Tj
6.6557 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(dynamics)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(hypoendemic)Tj
5.6636 0 Td
(settings)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(are)Tj
-34.9396 -1.2983 Td
(not)Tj
1.5703 0 Td
(fully)Tj
1.9843 0 Td
(understood.)Tj
5.0456 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7632 0 Td
(applies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(helminthic)Tj
4.5694 0 Td
(diseases)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(currently)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(sub-)Tj
-35.2457 -1.2983 Td
(ject)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(large-scale)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(elimination)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(programmes,)Tj
5.5332 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(lymphatic)Tj
4.2123 0 Td
(filariasis)Tj
3.5149 0 Td
(\(LF\),)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(schis-)Tj
-35.2627 -1.3039 Td
(tosomiasis)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(soil-transmitted)Tj
6.599 0 Td
(helminthiasis.)Tj
-11.5369 -1.2982 Td
(Mathematical)Tj
5.7202 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(useful)Tj
2.5909 0 Td
(tools)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(understand)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(how)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(various)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(processes)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(help)Tj
1.9388 0 Td
(to)Tj
-35.96 -1.2983 Td
(stabilize)Tj
3.4355 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.8778 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(endemic)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(areas.)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(Population)Tj
4.6374 0 Td
(dynamics)Tj
4.0536 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.8777 0 Td
(infec-)Tj
-35.0756 -1.3039 Td
(tions)Tj
2.1996 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(unique)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(given)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(need)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.1429 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(worms)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(present)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.262 0 Td
(host)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(for)Tj
-35.7559 -1.2983 Td
(reproduction,)Tj
5.7372 0 Td
(leading)Tj
3.1295 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(so-called)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(breakpoint)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4844 0 Td
(below)Tj
2.5851 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3632 0 Td
(cannot)Tj
-33.9645 -1.2982 Td
(maintain)Tj
3.838 0 Td
(itself)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(4)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(Most)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.1067 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.8778 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(explain)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(sustained)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(pre-control)Tj
-33.0064 -1.2983 Td
(prevalences)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(assuming)Tj
4.0025 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0125 0 Td
(degrees)Tj
3.2145 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(heterogeneity)Tj
5.6523 0 Td
(among)Tj
2.9933 0 Td
(human)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(hosts)Tj
2.2734 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(6)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(10)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
-34.0835 -1.3039 Td
(meaning)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(people)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(heavily)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(exposed)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3698 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(majority)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(experience)Tj
4.5071 0 Td
(much)Tj
2.5171 0 Td
(lower)Tj
-33.1027 -1.2983 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(levels.)Tj
2.6021 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(resulting)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(concentration)Tj
5.8166 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(worms)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(few)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(heavily)Tj
3.0274 0 Td
(exposed)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
-30.8464 -1.2983 Td
(allows)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8517 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(worms)Tj
2.9594 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(mate,)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(even)Tj
2.0693 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.7766 0 Td
(overall)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(worm)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(numbers)Tj
3.7814 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(host)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(population)Tj
-32.3827 -1.3039 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(low.)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(addition,)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(existing)Tj
3.3166 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.101 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3777 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.8777 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3575 0 Td
(typically)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(assume)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(homogeneous)Tj
-31.9746 -1.2982 Td
(mixing.)Tj
3.2768 0 Td
(This)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(assumption)Tj
4.8642 0 Td
(implies)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(every)Tj
2.3527 0 Td
(person)Tj
2.948 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(infect)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6555 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(person)Tj
2.9537 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 183.2882 23.6976 re
W* n
q
183.2315 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I1 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 318.2173 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Assortative)Tj
5.0882 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0543 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8567 0 Td
(stability)Tj
3.4867 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0417 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.9331 0 Td
(transmis)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(sion)Tj
2.0197 0 Td
(at)Tj
1.0418 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6866 0 Td
(prevalences)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
163.5591 34.9228 m
317.7071 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(Neglected)Tj
4.6417 0 Td
(Tropical)Tj
3.7135 0 Td
(Disease)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(s)Tj
0.7158 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8197 0 Td
(1/journal.pn)Tj
5.1237 0 Td
(td.00066)Tj
3.8197 0 Td
(24)Tj
0 g
2.0905 0 Td
(October)Tj
3.7276 0 Td
(8,)Tj
1.0418 0 Td
(2018)Tj
24.1584 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
0.496 0 Td
(15)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
-0.025 Tc
-66.402 84.0904 Td
(from)Tj
2.0126 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.3677 0 Td
(Dutch)Tj
2.4307 0 Td
(Society)Tj
2.9339 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.2543 0 Td
(Scientific)Tj
3.5717 0 Td
(Research)Tj
-13.5709 -1.3748 Td
(\(NWO,)Tj
2.7354 0 Td
(grant)Tj
2.1473 0 Td
(016.Veni.1)Tj
3.9543 0 Td
(78.023\).)Tj
3.3449 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.5874 0 Td
(funders)Tj
3.0473 0 Td
(had)Tj
-16.8166 -1.3749 Td
(no)Tj
1.1693 0 Td
(role)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.8858 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.2607 0 Td
(design,)Tj
2.9055 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(collection)Tj
3.7417 0 Td
(and)Tj
-14.3646 -1.3748 Td
(analysis,)Tj
3.4086 0 Td
(decision)Tj
3.2953 0 Td
(to)Tj
0.9497 0 Td
(publish,)Tj
3.1393 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0064 0 Td
(prepara)Tj
2.8205 0 Td
(tion)Tj
1.6157 0 Td
(of)Tj
0.9496 0 Td
(the)Tj
-17.1851 -1.3748 Td
(manuscript.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -2.126 Td
(Competing)Tj
4.3795 0 Td
(interests)Tj
3.3307 0 Td
(:)Tj
/F8 1 Tf
0.4819 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.5875 0 Td
(authors)Tj
3.0401 0 Td
(have)Tj
1.963 0 Td
(declared)Tj
-14.7827 -1.3748 Td
(that)Tj
1.6228 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.1693 0 Td
(competing)Tj
4.1599 0 Td
(interests)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
25 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
26 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
27 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
28 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
29 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
30 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
31 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
32 0 obj
<>stream
BT
10.3394 75.0903 Td
(exist.)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
33 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 12 0 R/Annots 34 0 R/Contents 35 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
34 0 obj
[36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R]
endobj
36 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref011)>>
endobj
37 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref015)>>
endobj
38 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref013)>>
endobj
39 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref014)>>
endobj
40 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref001)>>
endobj
41 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref016)>>
endobj
42 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpntd.0006624.ref021)>>
endobj
43 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 44 0 R>>
endobj
44 0 obj
<>
endobj
35 0 obj
[45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R 53 0 R]
endobj
45 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
419.0173 550.3181 m
428.5417 550.3181 l
h
f*
433.7008 550.3181 m
443.2252 550.3181 l
h
f*
387.4394 524.2961 m
396.9638 524.2961 l
h
f*
399.1748 524.2961 m
408.6992 524.2961 l
h
f*
300.926 485.348 m
305.6882 485.348 l
h
f*
305.4047 237.9402 m
314.9291 237.9402 l
h
f*
320.0882 237.9402 m
329.6126 237.9402 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(community)Tj
4.8868 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(probability)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(directly)Tj
3.2315 0 Td
(proportional)Tj
5.3121 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(product)Tj
3.3959 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(person's)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(contribution)Tj
-32.1503 -1.3039 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(another)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(person's)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(transmission,)Tj
5.5899 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(if)Tj
0.7767 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(takes)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(place)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(singular)Tj
-33.5053 -1.2982 Td
(point)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(space.)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(However,)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(reality)Tj
2.7156 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.05 0 Td
(patterns)Tj
3.4753 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.8834 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
-32.0766 -1.2983 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(non-homogeneous\))Tj
8.1297 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(sub-groups)Tj
4.7169 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(human)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(hosts)Tj
2.2733 0 Td
(mix)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(preferentially)Tj
5.5332 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(transmit)Tj
3.617 0 Td
(infec-)Tj
-34.5824 -1.2983 Td
(tion)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(amongst)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(themselves)Tj
4.558 0 Td
(because)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(spend)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(amounts)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(shared)Tj
-33.0007 -1.3039 Td
(locations)Tj
3.8097 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(e.g.)Tj
1.559 0 Td
(schools,)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(collection)Tj
4.1158 0 Td
(sites,)Tj
2.1544 0 Td
(and/or)Tj
2.9366 0 Td
(household)Tj
4.3767 0 Td
(locations.)Tj
4.0365 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(summary,)Tj
-32.9837 -1.2982 Td
(assortative)Tj
4.4276 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0558 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.8834 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(implies)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(existence)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(multiple)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(vector)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0942 0 Td
(envi-)Tj
-34.5824 -1.2983 Td
(ronmental)Tj
4.4163 0 Td
(reservoirs)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(differential)Tj
4.6034 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8155 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6487 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(reservoirs)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(sub-)Tj
-34.2309 -1.3039 Td
(group)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(high-risk)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(concentrating)Tj
5.777 0 Td
(around)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(least)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3357 0 Td
(reservoirs,)Tj
4.354 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(is)Tj
-36.0337 -1.2983 Td
(very)Tj
1.9218 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(conceivable.)Tj
-2.5455 -1.2983 Td
(Here,)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(consider)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3889 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(first)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(extent)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0558 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(play)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(role)Tj
1.7631 0 Td
(in)Tj
-35.3534 -1.3039 Td
(sustaining)Tj
4.2972 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6555 0 Td
(levels)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.8778 0 Td
(transmission.)Tj
5.5898 0 Td
(Assortative)Tj
4.6828 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0558 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.846 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(play)Tj
1.8765 0 Td
(an)Tj
-35.96 -1.2982 Td
(important)Tj
4.2802 0 Td
(role)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(many)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(infections)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(15)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(Especially)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(sexually)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(trans-)Tj
-34.0325 -1.2983 Td
(mitted)Tj
2.8516 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(drug-use)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(related)Tj
2.9424 0 Td
(infections,)Tj
4.3767 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6544 0 Td
(often)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(infect)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(those)Tj
2.3358 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(similar)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(level)Tj
2.0125 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(their)Tj
-35.5462 -1.3039 Td
(own,)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(meet)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1917 0 Td
(venues)Tj
2.9594 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(parties)Tj
2.8914 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.2541 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(onchocerciasis)Tj
6.0661 0 Td
(transmission,)Tj
5.5899 0 Td
(which)Tj
-34.418 -1.2983 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(consider)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(here,)Tj
2.1883 0 Td
(there)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(sub-groups)Tj
4.7111 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(humans)Tj
3.4413 0 Td
(spending)Tj
3.8777 0 Td
(relatively)Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(much)Tj
2.5229 0 Td
(time)Tj
-35.1097 -1.2982 Td
(where)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(fly)Tj
1.2075 0 Td
(densities)Tj
3.7021 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(highest;)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(example,)Tj
3.7757 0 Td
(fisherman)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6668 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(often)Tj
2.2904 0 Td
(near)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(water)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(where)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(fly)Tj
-35.3874 -1.2983 Td
(breeding)Tj
3.753 0 Td
(sites)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(found)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(1)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.8617 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(very)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(conceivable)Tj
4.8756 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(high-risk)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(individuals)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(would)Tj
-34.2196 -1.3039 Td
(not)Tj
1.5703 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(bitten)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(often)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(\(as)Tj
1.3549 0 Td
(assumed)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(current)Tj
3.1804 0 Td
(models\),)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(often)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(flies)Tj
1.8085 0 Td
(that)Tj
-35.892 -1.2983 Td
(previously)Tj
4.3483 0 Td
(bit)Tj
1.2926 0 Td
(another)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(\(or)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(same\))Tj
2.5965 0 Td
(high-risk)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(individual.)Tj
4.5127 0 Td
(Under)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(assumption,)Tj
5.0854 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(probabil-)Tj
-33.8851 -1.2983 Td
(ity)Tj
1.2415 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(infections)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(spilling)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(highly)Tj
2.7043 0 Td
(exposed)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(fishermen)Tj
4.2519 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(rest)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(community)Tj
-32.2523 -1.3039 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(relatively)Tj
3.8437 0 Td
(lower,)Tj
2.6759 0 Td
(which)Tj
2.6476 0 Td
(means)Tj
2.8062 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(very)Tj
1.9218 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(endemic)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(situations)Tj
4.0876 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3687 0 Td
(events)Tj
2.727 0 Td
(are)Tj
-35.053 -1.2982 Td
(not)Tj
1.5647 0 Td
(wasted)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2699 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3574 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(fishermen)Tj
4.2463 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(rest)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(population,)Tj
4.8075 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(efficiently)Tj
-33.664 -1.2983 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(sustain)Tj
3.0161 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(concentration)Tj
5.8167 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(worms)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(fishermen,)Tj
4.473 0 Td
(sustaining)Tj
4.2973 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3688 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(rel-)Tj
-36.1585 -1.3039 Td
(atively)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(prevalence.)Tj
-3.2598 -1.2983 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(paper,)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(explore)Tj
3.1748 0 Td
(how)Tj
1.9388 0 Td
(adding)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(individual-based)Tj
6.8881 0 Td
(model)Tj
-32.9893 -1.2983 Td
(ONCHOSIM)Tj
5.5898 0 Td
(impacts)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(onchocerciasis)Tj
6.0661 0 Td
(equilibrium)Tj
4.9493 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4844 0 Td
(levels)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(explain)Tj
3.1237 0 Td
(stable)Tj
2.4889 0 Td
(low)Tj
-35.773 -1.2982 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4843 0 Td
(levels.)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(Furthermore,)Tj
5.6126 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(show)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(how)Tj
1.9389 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(\(combination)Tj
5.6863 0 Td
(of\))Tj
1.3549 0 Td
(mechanisms)Tj
5.2101 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(sustaining)Tj
-33.3692 -1.3039 Td
(low)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(prevalence)Tj
4.4844 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6667 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(relevant)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(impact)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(control)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(measures,)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(especially)Tj
4.0195 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(pushing)Tj
3.4356 0 Td
(for)Tj
-36.3739 -1.2983 Td
(elimination.)Tj
5.0739 0 Td
(Having)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8517 0 Td
(its)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(potential)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(importance,)Tj
5.057 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(consider)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(what)Tj
2.1656 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9106 0 Td
(might)Tj
2.6021 0 Td
(enable)Tj
-34.6674 -1.2983 Td
(us)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(identify)Tj
3.2938 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(quantify)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(assortative)Tj
4.4277 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(field)Tj
1.9672 0 Td
(situations.)Tj
4.32 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(findings)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(our)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(are)Tj
-35.8183 -1.3039 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(relevance)Tj
3.9684 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.8834 0 Td
(infections)Tj
4.1499 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(require)Tj
3.1124 0 Td
(mating)Tj
3.0501 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.1429 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(worms.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 269.0078 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Methods)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 252 cm
BT
/F6 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(model)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(ONCHOSIM,)Tj
5.8166 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(established)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(individual-based)Tj
6.8881 0 Td
(model)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(transmission)Tj
5.3631 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.3534 -1.2982 Td
(control)Tj
3.118 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(onchocerciasis)Tj
6.0661 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(21)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(ONCHOSIM)Tj
5.5899 0 Td
(simulates)Tj
3.9571 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(individual)Tj
4.2859 0 Td
(life)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(histories)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(of)Tj
-34.1005 -1.3039 Td
(humans)Tj
3.4355 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.143 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8574 0 Td
(worms)Tj
2.9593 0 Td
(living)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(them.)Tj
2.5114 0 Td
(Patent)Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(worms)Tj
2.9594 0 Td
(produce)Tj
-32.7229 -1.2983 Td
(microfilariae)Tj
5.3404 0 Td
(\(mf\))Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(long)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(there)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8448 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(least)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(patent)Tj
2.7383 0 Td
(male)Tj
2.1429 0 Td
(worm)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(present)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(host.)Tj
-34.52 -1.2983 Td
(Flies)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(biting)Tj
2.5681 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(hosts)Tj
2.279 0 Td
(take)Tj
1.8709 0 Td
(up)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(mf,)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(uptake)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(capacity)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(limited)Tj
3.0728 0 Td
(resulting)Tj
3.7303 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(diminishing)Tj
-31.589 -1.3039 Td
(returns)Tj
3.118 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(increasing)Tj
4.3256 0 Td
(mf)Tj
1.3323 0 Td
(levels)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(hosts)Tj
2.2791 0 Td
(\(i.e.)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(negative)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(density)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(dependence\).)Tj
5.5729 0 Td
(Individual)Tj
4.3596 0 Td
(human)Tj
-34.7298 -1.2982 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(fly)Tj
1.2075 0 Td
(bites)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(assumed)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(vary)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(age)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(sex,)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(vary)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(randomly)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(indi-)Tj
-34.9226 -1.2983 Td
(viduals)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(consequence)Tj
5.3405 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.347 0 Td
(factors)Tj
2.9027 0 Td
(\(e.g.)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(attractiveness,)Tj
5.8393 0 Td
(occupation\),)Tj
5.2384 0 Td
(leading)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(highly)Tj
-34.1005 -1.2983 Td
(overdispersed)Tj
5.7542 0 Td
(worm)Tj
2.6022 0 Td
(population)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(within)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(human)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(population.)Tj
4.8189 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(model)Tj
2.744 0 Td
(further)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(simulates)Tj
-32.6775 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(impact)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(treatment)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(ivermectin)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(context)Tj
3.1862 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(drug)Tj
2.1147 0 Td
(administration,)Tj
6.3949 0 Td
(accounting)Tj
-32.7059 -1.2983 Td
(for)Tj
1.3832 0 Td
(variation)Tj
3.8041 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(participation)Tj
5.3688 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(age)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(sex)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(potential)Tj
3.7587 0 Td
(systematic)Tj
4.3597 0 Td
(non-partici-)Tj
-32.0936 -1.2982 Td
(pation)Tj
2.7892 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(subset)Tj
2.6985 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(individuals.)Tj
4.8756 0 Td
(Ivermectin)Tj
4.5921 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(assumed)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(kill)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(microfilariae)Tj
5.3404 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(treated)Tj
2.9991 0 Td
(indi-)Tj
-35.3478 -1.3039 Td
(viduals)Tj
3.0387 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(permanently)Tj
5.3065 0 Td
(reduce)Tj
2.9139 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(reproductive)Tj
5.3348 0 Td
(capacity)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(adult)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(female)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(worms)Tj
2.9594 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(35%,)Tj
-34.5597 -1.2983 Td
(allowing)Tj
3.6169 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(cumulative)Tj
4.6375 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(repeated)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(treatments.)Tj
4.7225 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(addition,)Tj
3.8211 0 Td
(after)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(treatment)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(female)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 183.2882 23.6976 re
W* n
q
183.2315 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I1 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 318.2173 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Assortative)Tj
5.0882 0 Td
(mixing)Tj
3.0543 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8567 0 Td
(stability)Tj
3.4867 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0417 0 Td
(helminth)Tj
3.9331 0 Td
(transmis)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(sion)Tj
2.0197 0 Td
(at)Tj
1.0418 0 Td
(low)Tj
1.6866 0 Td
(prevalences)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
163.5591 34.9228 m
317.7071 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(Neglected)Tj
4.6417 0 Td
(Tropical)Tj
3.7135 0 Td
(Disease)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(s)Tj
0.7158 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8197 0 Td
(1/journal.pn)Tj
5.1237 0 Td
(td.00066)Tj
3.8197 0 Td
(24)Tj
0 g
2.0905 0 Td
(October)Tj
3.7276 0 Td
(8,)Tj
1.0418 0 Td
(2018)Tj
24.1584 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
46 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
48 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
49 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
51 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
52 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
53 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(15)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
54 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 12 0 R/Annots 60 0 R/Contents 61 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
56 0 obj
<>
endobj
62 0 obj
<>stream
/CIDInit/ProcSet findresource begin
12 dict begin begincmap
/CMapName/Adobe-Identity-UCS def
/CIDSystemInfo<>def
/CMapType 2 def
1 begincodespacerange
<0000>
endcodespacerange
3 beginbfchar
<010B><03B1>
<010C><03B2>
<010D><03B3>
endbfchar
endcmap
CMapName currentdict /CMap defineresource pop end end
endstream
endobj
63 0 obj
<>/FontDescriptor 64 0 R/DW 250/W[267[558 495 465]]>>
endobj
64 0 obj
<>
endobj
65 0 obj
<>stream
cvt 0Y "fpgm2Msf bglyf/<