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Tom De Smedt, Elizabeth Merrall, Denis Macina, Silvia Perez-Vilar, Nick Andrews, Kaatje Bollaerts
Bias due to differential and non-differential disease- and exposure misclassification in studies of vaccine effectiveness
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
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2.313 0 Td
(positive)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(disease\))Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(or)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0 Tc
1.0772 -1.8482 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 319.2377 504.907 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 325.5307 507.4015 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 346.1102 504.907 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 353.7637 507.4015 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 359.2629 504.907 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 378.085 507.4015 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
0.9921 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1111 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 419.074 504.907 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 422.759 507.4015 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 432.17 504.907 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-2()10()6()]TJ
1.8803 0 Td
[( )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 446.3433 507.4015 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
11.7126 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-35.1493 -2.262 Td
(Similarly,)Tj
4.0309 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(vaccinated,)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(disease)Tj
3.016 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(equals)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0 Tc
-11.2648 -1.8538 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 319.8047 463.748 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 326.0976 466.2425 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 346.6204 463.748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 354.3307 466.2425 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 359.8299 463.748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 378.5952 466.2425 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
0.9977 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1055 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 419.6409 463.748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 423.3259 466.2425 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 432.6803 463.748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-2()10()6()2( )]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(;)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 563.4708 466.2425 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(2)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-36.3455 -2.262 Td
(with)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.9955 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 225.2409 441.9779 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(.1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 246.9543 443.622 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(\(1)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.0375 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
[(\n)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(\))Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 294.0094 441.9779 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(.0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 313.5118 443.622 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(.)Tj
-10.1536 -1.2982 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(line)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(Orenstein)Tj
4.2066 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(10)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8537 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(analogous)Tj
4.2519 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(statistical)Tj
3.9118 0 Td
(definition)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(bias,)Tj
2.0126 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(define)Tj
2.6986 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.6709 -1.2983 Td
(population-level)Tj
6.7351 0 Td
(bias)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(difference)Tj
4.2008 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(VE)Tj
1.4853 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(population)Tj
4.5864 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(misclassifica-)Tj
-31.4189 -1.3039 Td
(tion)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(or)Tj
/F18 1 Tf
0 Tc
1.9219 -2.5398 Td
(D)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.9411 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.7801 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7257 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
282.0472 381.9402 m
290.3244 381.9402 l
290.3244 381.5433 l
282.0472 381.5433 l
f*
10 0 0 10 282.0472 386.022 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 286.8661 383.5275 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 282.0472 372.359 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 286.8661 369.8645 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 257.6125 393.3354 cm
BT
/F19 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
3.2711 0 Td
()Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.9524 -1.4116 Td
( )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.7235 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7257 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
334.2614 381.9402 m
356.3717 381.9402 l
356.3717 381.5433 l
334.2614 381.5433 l
f*
10 0 0 10 334.2614 386.022 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 339.8173 383.5275 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 334.2614 372.359 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 339.8173 369.8645 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 309.8267 393.3354 cm
BT
/F19 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
4.6544 0 Td
()Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.0035 -1.4116 Td
()Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
376.8945 381.9402 m
399.0047 381.9402 l
399.0047 381.5433 l
376.8945 381.5433 l
f*
10 0 0 10 376.8944 386.022 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 382.4503 383.5275 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 376.8944 372.359 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 382.4503 369.8645 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 401.2157 379.2188 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
411.1937 381.9402 m
521.4614 381.9402 l
521.4614 381.5433 l
411.1937 381.5433 l
f*
10 0 0 10 411.1937 386.022 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 421.2283 383.5275 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 428.8818 386.022 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 434.4377 383.5275 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 453.2031 386.022 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
0.9921 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1111 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 494.2488 383.5275 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 497.9338 386.022 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 507.2881 383.5275 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-2()10()6()]TJ
1.8803 0 Td
[( )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 411.1937 372.359 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 421.2283 369.8645 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 428.8818 372.359 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 434.4377 369.8645 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 453.2031 372.359 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
0.9921 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1111 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 494.2488 369.8645 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 497.9338 372.359 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 507.2881 369.8645 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-2()10()6()]TJ
1.8803 0 Td
[( )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 523.1622 379.2188 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
4.0308 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(3)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-35.1493 -2.948 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(expression)Tj
4.4674 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6214 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(rewritten)Tj
3.9061 0 Td
(as)Tj
/F18 1 Tf
0 Tc
-4.4617 -2.5285 Td
(D)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.9411 0 Td
()Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
318.6709 327.1181 m
458.7591 327.1181 l
458.7591 326.7213 l
318.6709 326.7213 l
f*
10 0 0 10 327.5149 331.2566 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 336.8692 328.7622 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 355.6913 331.2566 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 371.1685 328.7622 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 387.7228 331.2566 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.491 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 422.6456 328.7622 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 426.3307 331.2566 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 435.7417 328.7622 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-2()10()]TJ
1.4835 0 Td
[()2( )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 318.6708 317.5937 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 324.17 315.0992 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 340.7244 317.5937 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 354.6708 315.0992 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 362.3244 317.5937 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 367.8236 315.0992 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 386.6456 317.5937 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
0.9921 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1111 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 427.6913 315.0992 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 431.3196 317.5937 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 440.7307 315.0992 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-2()10()6()]TJ
1.8803 0 Td
[( )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 454.9039 317.5937 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
0.5499 0.6859 Td
(;)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
10.3067 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(4)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-36.3455 -2.8515 Td
(showing)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(bias)Tj
1.7914 0 Td
(equals)Tj
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0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 448.1574 660.4157 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 464.7118 662.9102 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(;)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
9.8758 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(8)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-36.3455 -2.1656 Td
(with)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(true)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(vaccination)Tj
4.8189 0 Td
(coverage)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
3.719 0 Td
(\r)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(.)Tj
0.8901 0 Td
(Similarly,)Tj
4.0252 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(true)Tj
1.8311 0 Td
(positives)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(false)Tj
1.9671 0 Td
(positives)Tj
3.668 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(vaccination)Tj
-32.9893 -1.2983 Td
(determine)Tj
4.32 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(disease)Tj
3.016 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(among)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(indicated)Tj
3.9344 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(vaccinated)Tj
4.456 0 Td
(or)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0 Tc
-18.4477 -1.8481 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 298.0346 607.2944 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 304.3275 609.7889 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 324.907 607.2944 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 331.7669 609.7889 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(g)Tj
0.8333 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 345.6566 607.2944 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 364.422 609.7889 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
0.9921 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1111 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 405.4677 607.2944 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 408.359 609.7889 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.491 0 Td
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
(g)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
1.2245 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 450.9921 607.2944 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 467.5464 609.7889 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
9.5923 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(9)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-35.1493 -2.262 Td
(The)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(population-level)Tj
6.735 0 Td
(bias)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(due)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(misclassification)Tj
6.7917 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(now)Tj
1.9615 0 Td
(defined)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(as)Tj
/F18 1 Tf
0 Tc
-29.4687 -2.5455 Td
(D)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.9468 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.7745 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7256 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
258.463 564.4346 m
266.7969 564.4346 l
266.7969 564.0378 l
258.463 564.0378 l
f*
10 0 0 10 258.4629 568.5165 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 263.2818 566.022 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 258.4629 554.8535 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 263.2818 552.359 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 234.0283 575.8299 cm
BT
/F19 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
3.2768 0 Td
()Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.9467 -1.4116 Td
( )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.7235 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7257 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
310.6772 564.4346 m
332.7874 564.4346 l
332.7874 564.0378 l
310.6772 564.0378 l
f*
10 0 0 10 310.6771 568.5165 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 316.233 566.022 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 310.6771 554.8535 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 316.233 552.359 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 286.2425 575.8299 cm
BT
/F19 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
4.6544 0 Td
()Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.0091 -1.4116 Td
()Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
353.3669 564.4346 m
375.4205 564.4346 l
375.4205 564.0378 l
353.3669 564.0378 l
f*
10 0 0 10 353.3669 568.5165 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 358.8661 566.022 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 353.3669 554.8535 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 358.8661 552.359 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 377.6314 561.7133 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
387.6094 564.4346 m
540.2835 564.4346 l
540.2835 564.0378 l
387.6094 564.0378 l
f*
10 0 0 10 387.6094 568.5165 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 397.644 566.022 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 404.5039 568.5165 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(g)Tj
0.839 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 418.3937 566.022 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 437.2157 568.5165 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
0.9921 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1055 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9978 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 478.2047 566.022 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 481.096 568.5165 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.4966 0 Td
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
(g)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
1.2245 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 523.7291 566.022 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 389.5937 554.8535 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1055 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9977 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 420.6614 552.359 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 423.5527 554.8535 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.7823 0 Td
(g)Tj
0.8391 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 445.2661 552.359 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 464.0881 554.8535 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 484.1007 552.359 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 486.9354 554.8535 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1111 0 Td
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
(g)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 521.7448 552.359 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 541.9275 561.7133 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.678 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(10)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-34.673 -2.948 Td
(This)Tj
1.9899 0 Td
(expression)Tj
4.4674 0 Td
(shows)Tj
2.6588 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(impact)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(sensitivity)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(largest)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(coverage)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(high)Tj
-34.3839 -1.2982 Td
(whereas)Tj
3.4412 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(impact)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(specificity)Tj
4.2122 0 Td
(will)Tj
1.6668 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(largest)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(coverage)Tj
3.7191 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(low.)Tj
-24.5309 -1.2983 Td
(Solving)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(8)Tj
0 g
(\))Tj
1.3776 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(\()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(9)Tj
0 g
(\))Tj
1.3776 0 Td
(for)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.3833 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 307.7858 504.5669 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(.0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 329.4992 506.2677 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(for)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.3889 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 365.9527 504.5669 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(.1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 385.4551 506.2677 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
0.4478 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(obtain)Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0 Tc
-13.9803 -1.8538 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 268.9511 485.2346 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 288.2834 487.7291 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
1.0488 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 307.4456 485.2346 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 310.9039 487.7291 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 320.9952 485.2346 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 326.0976 487.7291 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 340.8377 485.2346 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 344.3527 487.7291 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1055 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 375.4204 485.2346 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 378.3118 487.7291 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
(=)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
2.7665 0 Td
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.9922 0 Td
(g)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 438.0661 485.2346 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 443.1685 487.7291 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 463.1811 485.2346 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 468.2834 487.7291 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
(;)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
8.0503 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(11)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
-28.1988 -2.7099 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 282.2173 458.1354 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 301.5496 460.6299 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
1.0488 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 320.7118 458.1354 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 324.2267 460.6299 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 334.2614 458.1354 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 339.3637 460.6299 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 354.1039 458.1354 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 357.6188 460.6299 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1055 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9977 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 388.6866 458.1354 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 391.5779 460.6299 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
(=)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F16 1 Tf
(g)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 426.444 458.1354 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 431.5464 460.6299 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9977 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 451.559 458.1354 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 456.6614 460.6299 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
(:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
9.2125 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(12)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-34.6731 -2.262 Td
(Then,)Tj
2.5569 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(expression)Tj
4.4673 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(`true')Tj
/F11 1 Tf
2.2847 0 Td
[(\n)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
1.4286 0 Td
(corrected)Tj
3.9912 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(misclassification)Tj
6.7916 0 Td
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5.142 0 Td
(to)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0 Tc
-27.218 -2.5398 Td
[(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 307.4456 410.1165 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(p)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 314.0787 412.611 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.72 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
349.0016 415.2756 m
370.5449 415.2756 l
370.5449 414.8787 l
349.0016 414.8787 l
f*
10 0 0 10 349.0015 419.4141 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7256 0 Td
( )Tj
/F16 1 Tf
0.9921 0 Td
(g)Tj
-0.856 -1.3662 Td
(g)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
-1.593 2.0918 Td
()Tj
2.8856 0 Td
()Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
379.5024 415.2756 m
459.0425 415.2756 l
459.0425 414.8787 l
379.5024 414.8787 l
f*
10 0 0 10 379.5023 419.4141 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 384.3212 416.9196 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 387.8362 419.4141 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 397.8708 416.9196 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 402.9732 419.4141 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9977 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 417.7133 416.9196 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 421.2283 419.4141 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1055 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9977 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 452.296 416.9196 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 455.1874 419.4141 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-7.5684 -1.3662 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 384.3212 403.2566 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 387.8362 405.7511 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 397.8708 403.2566 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 402.9732 405.7511 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9977 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 417.7133 403.2566 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 421.2283 405.7511 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.1055 0 Td
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.9977 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 452.296 403.2566 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 455.1874 405.7511 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
0.5555 0.6859 Td
(:)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
9.7965 0 Td
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(13)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
-34.6731 -2.9479 Td
(This)Tj
1.99 0 Td
(correction)Tj
4.3596 0 Td
(equation)Tj
3.736 0 Td
(dependsnext)Tj
6.2079 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(disease)Tj
3.0216 0 Td
(riskson)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.058 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
-32.91 -1.3039 Td
(sensitivity)Tj
4.218 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(specificity)Tj
4.2066 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4741 0 Td
(`true')Tj
2.279 0 Td
(vaccination)Tj
4.8245 0 Td
(coverage.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 333.9779 cm
BT
/F10 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Simulation)Tj
4.8378 0 Td
(tool)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 317.0267 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Similar)Tj
3.0954 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(Jackson)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3209 0 Td
(simulate)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(populations)Tj
4.9493 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7121 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(outcomes;)Tj
4.3086 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(VPD)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(com-)Tj
-35.4952 -1.3039 Td
(parable)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(outcome)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(due)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(infection)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0941 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(pathogen\(s\))Tj
4.9833 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5761 0 Td
(targeted)Tj
3.4582 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(respective)Tj
-33.1991 -1.2982 Td
(vaccination.)Tj
5.0513 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.61 0 Td
(assume)Tj
3.1465 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(vaccinated)Tj
4.456 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(coverage)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
3.7247 0 Td
(\r)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
(.)Tj
0.9014 0 Td
(Unvacci-)Tj
-32.5755 -1.2983 Td
(nated)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(develop)Tj
3.3165 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4741 0 Td
(VPD)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(\(only)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(once\))Tj
2.4605 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(equal)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(to)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.0261 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 483.4204 276.3212 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(.0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 505.0771 278.022 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(health)Tj
-33.7093 -1.3039 Td
(outcome)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(due)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(infection)Tj
3.7871 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(pathogens)Tj
4.3029 0 Td
(\(only)Tj
2.3131 0 Td
(once\))Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(equal)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(to)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.026 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 519.4771 263.3385 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()12()10()6()2( )]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 534.6141 264.9826 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(.)Tj
0.4422 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.627 0 Td
(vac-)Tj
-35.5291 -1.2982 Td
(cinated)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(subjects,)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7177 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(developing)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(VPD)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(reduced)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(to)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
1.0205 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 450.7086 250.3559 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(.1)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 472.422 252 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(\(1)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.0375 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
[(\n)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(\))Tj
/F11 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 519.4771 250.3559 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()14()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
(.0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 538.9795 252 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
0.4478 0 Td
(whereas)Tj
-34.3442 -1.2982 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(due)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(other)Tj
2.3471 0 Td
(pathogens)Tj
4.303 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(unaffected)Tj
4.3993 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(vaccination.)Tj
5.0513 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(furthermore)Tj
5.1476 0 Td
(assume)Tj
3.1464 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.7275 -1.3039 Td
(risks)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(developing)Tj
4.6035 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(outcomes)Tj
4.0875 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4514 0 Td
(independent.)Tj
5.4991 0 Td
(After)Tj
2.2847 0 Td
(having)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(allocated)Tj
3.7644 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(`true')Tj
2.279 0 Td
(disease-)Tj
-33.4996 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(status,)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(randomly)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(allow)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(events)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(misclassified.)Tj
5.4879 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1111 0 Td
(particular,)Tj
4.3369 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.5461 -1.2983 Td
(disease)Tj
3.016 0 Td
(events,)Tj
2.9537 0 Td
(diseased)Tj
3.549 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(misclassified)Tj
5.2667 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(diseased)Tj
3.5433 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(probability)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0.6917 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
0.7936 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 553.4362 198.3118 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 559.3322 200.0125 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.9317 -1.3039 Td
(not)Tj
1.5704 0 Td
(diseased)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2224 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(misclassified)Tj
5.2667 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(diseased)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(probability)Tj
4.5978 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0.6974 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 493.6818 185.3291 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 497.4236 186.9732 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(.)Tj
0.4422 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(holds)Tj
-34.2252 -1.2982 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(events,)Tj
2.9537 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5534 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(sensitivity)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
4.2179 0 Td
[()8(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 440.7874 172.3464 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 445.9464 173.9905 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(specificity)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
4.2122 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 515.3952 172.3464 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 520.4976 173.9905 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(parameters)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.7254 -1.2982 Td
(simulate)Tj
3.5944 0 Td
(misclassification.)Tj
7.0185 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(case)Tj
1.8652 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(differential)Tj
4.6034 0 Td
(misclassification,)Tj
7.0186 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(disease)Tj
3.0159 0 Td
(misclassifica-)Tj
-32.1786 -1.2983 Td
(tion)Tj
1.8426 0 Td
(parameters)Tj
4.6714 0 Td
(depend)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8154 0 Td
(status)Tj
2.5058 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(vice)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(versa,)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(yielding)Tj
3.4242 0 Td
(eight)Tj
2.1997 0 Td
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576 703.8893 l
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177.726 690.8893 l
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306.5236 703.3893 m
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306.5236 690.8893 l
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436.8603 691.3894 l
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437.3603 691.3894 l
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77.9556 621.3892 l
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178.2261 690.8893 m
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177.726 621.3892 l
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306.5236 621.3892 l
306.0235 621.3892 l
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178.2261 460.7104 l
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f*
36 447.6472 m
186.7465 447.6472 l
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(1.)Tj
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1 TL
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[()-2()]TJ
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1 TL
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1 TL
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[()-2()]TJ
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(1)Tj
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[()]TJ
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Q
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1 J
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4.7999 0 0 4.7999 132.9448 593.6881 cm
BT
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1 TL
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[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
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BT
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1 TL
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(b)Tj
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[()]TJ
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1 J
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4.7999 0 0 4.7999 132.7748 582.633 cm
BT
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1 TL
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[()]TJ
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Q
q
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1 J
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(with)Tj
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[()]TJ
ET
Q
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1 J
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BT
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1 TL
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[()-2()]TJ
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1 J
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[()]TJ
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 148.8755 542.1543 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 153.8645 544.1385 cm
BT
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ET
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1 J
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BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
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[()]TJ
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Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 90.6519 534.1039 cm
BT
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1 TL
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(based)Tj
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(observed)Tj
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(and)Tj
1.7433 0 Td
(unvaccinated)Tj
-6.2291 -1.1905 Td
(respectiv)Tj
3.5574 0 Td
(ely.)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
9.2269 13.2661 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1489 -0.2126 Td
[(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 196.9511 607.9748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-6()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 211.5779 609.959 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0417 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7228 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.1693 0.2196 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1771 -0.2196 Td
[()13()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 244.4031 607.9748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-6()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 211.5779 590.1732 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0417 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7228 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
233.6315 592.3276 m
272.1827 592.3276 l
272.1827 591.9874 l
233.6315 591.9874 l
f*
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 235.1055 596.2393 cm
BT
/F19 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1842 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 237.4299 593.6314 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 240.9448 595.6157 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.6086 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.1764 0.0779 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1842 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 265.5496 593.6314 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 269.0645 595.6157 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F19 1 Tf
-4.2449 -1.311 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1842 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 237.4299 582.5196 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 240.9448 584.5039 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.6086 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.1764 0.0779 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1842 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 265.5496 582.5196 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 269.0645 584.5039 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
0.5527 0.7086 Td
(;)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-11.5299 -2.1401 Td
(with)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
2.1898 0.2197 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1772 -0.2197 Td
[()13()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 208.1763 571.0677 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()-6()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 216.6236 573.0519 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(estimat)Tj
2.9126 0 Td
(ed)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(ratio)Tj
2.1189 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0276 0 Td
(odds)Tj
-13.1598 -1.1905 Td
(of)Tj
1.0275 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8409 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0488 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2465 0 Td
(vs.)Tj
1.2827 0 Td
(control)Tj
2.9126 0 Td
(s,)Tj
-12.359 -1.1906 Td
(which)Tj
2.6646 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8645 0 Td
(equivalent)Tj
4.3866 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0417 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4811 0 Td
(odds)Tj
2.1615 0 Td
(of)Tj
-12.6 -1.1905 Td
(VPD)Tj
2.2181 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0559 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.481 0 Td
(vaccinated)Tj
4.493 0 Td
(versus)Tj
-9.248 -1.2473 Td
(unvacci)Tj
3.0898 0 Td
(nated;)Tj
2.6999 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.9346 0.078 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1842 -0.078 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 245.3669 532.4598 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 250.7527 534.5007 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.9346 0.0779 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1913 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 268.5543 532.4598 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 273.9401 534.5007 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(being)Tj
-11.5867 -1.1976 Td
(the)Tj
1.4812 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.8268 0 Td
(proportions)Tj
5.0244 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0347 0 Td
(exposur)Tj
3.1818 0 Td
(e)Tj
-14.5489 -1.1835 Td
(in)Tj
1.0489 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2394 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7504 0 Td
(control)Tj
2.9126 0 Td
(s)Tj
0.5953 0 Td
(respectively)Tj
4.6912 0 Td
(.)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.6229 12.026 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1488 -0.2126 Td
[(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 325.2472 607.9748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 340.2708 609.959 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0417 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7228 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.1693 0.2196 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1771 -0.2196 Td
[()13()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 373.096 607.9748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 340.2708 589.096 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0417 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7228 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
362.3244 591.2504 m
403.7669 591.2504 l
403.7669 590.9102 l
362.3244 590.9102 l
f*
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 362.8346 596.0125 cm
BT
/F19 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0354 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 366.4062 593.4047 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()2()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 371.1118 595.3889 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.6015 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.0276 0.0779 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0354 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 395.6598 593.4047 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()2()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 400.422 595.3889 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F19 1 Tf
-4.7126 -1.4456 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0496 -0.078 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 366.1228 581.2157 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()7()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 371.1118 583.2 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.6015 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.0418 0.0779 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0496 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 395.6598 581.2157 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()7()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 400.6488 583.2 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
0.5527 0.737 Td
(;)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-11.9409 -2.1685 Td
(with)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
2.1898 0.2197 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1772 -0.2197 Td
[()13()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 336.4724 569.707 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 345.3165 571.748 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(estimat)Tj
2.9126 0 Td
(ed)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(ratio)Tj
2.1189 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0276 0 Td
(the)Tj
-13.2094 -1.1905 Td
(odds)Tj
2.1614 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0276 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8408 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.056 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4811 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2464 0 Td
(versus)Tj
-11.8133 -1.2827 Td
(control)Tj
2.9126 0 Td
(s;)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
0.8575 0.078 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0355 -0.078 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 343.2755 549.9779 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()2()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 349.8519 551.9622 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.7929 0.0779 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0496 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 367.6535 549.9779 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()7()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 374.4566 551.9622 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(observed)Tj
-8.1142 -1.3393 Td
(proportion)Tj
4.4292 0 Td
(s)Tj
0.5953 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0275 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.848 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0488 0 Td
(test-)Tj
-10.9488 -1.1835 Td
(postitive)Tj
3.6426 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7504 0 Td
(test-ne)Tj
2.7142 0 Td
(gative)Tj
2.5936 0 Td
(individ)Tj
2.8701 0 Td
(uals)Tj
-13.5709 -1.1906 Td
(respectiv)Tj
3.5575 0 Td
(ely.)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
13.1103 11.1756 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1489 -0.2126 Td
[(\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 456.0377 607.9748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\n\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 481.5496 609.959 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7157 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.1693 0.2196 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1771 -0.2196 Td
[()13()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 514.4314 607.9748 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\n\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 481.5496 590.1732 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.0488 0 Td
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0.7157 0 Td
( )Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
503.6031 592.3276 m
542.1543 592.3276 l
542.1543 591.9874 l
503.6031 591.9874 l
f*
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 505.0771 596.2393 cm
BT
/F19 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1842 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 507.4582 593.6314 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 510.9732 595.6157 cm
BT
/F17 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.6015 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.1764 0.0779 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1842 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 535.5212 593.6314 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 539.0929 595.6157 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F19 1 Tf
-4.1669 -1.311 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0992 -0.2126 Td
[()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
0.7512 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
()Tj
/F14 1 Tf
(1)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
1.6015 0 Td
( )Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.0914 0.2126 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0992 -0.2126 Td
[()]TJ
/F15 1 Tf
0.7441 0 Td
()Tj
/F17 1 Tf
0.7298 0.8433 Td
(;)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-12.8976 -2.2677 Td
(with)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
2.1968 0.2197 Td
(c)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1771 -0.2197 Td
[()13()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 467.2629 570.0472 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\n\n)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 486.5952 572.0314 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(being)Tj
2.4519 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(estimated)Tj
4.1032 0 Td
(ratio)Tj
-13.826 -1.1976 Td
(of)Tj
1.0347 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(odds)Tj
2.1614 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0276 0 Td
(exposure)Tj
3.8409 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0488 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2465 0 Td
(vs)Tj
-14.3363 -1.1835 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(odds)Tj
2.1615 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0346 0 Td
(exposur)Tj
3.1818 0 Td
(e)Tj
0.6591 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0488 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(external)Tj
-11.0622 -1.2543 Td
(coverage)Tj
3.756 0 Td
(cohort;)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
3.2881 0.0779 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.1843 -0.0779 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
4.7999 0 0 4.7999 499.011 540.9637 cm
BT
/F11 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[(\r)]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 504.3968 542.948 cm
BT
/F5 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8645 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0276 0 Td
(defined)Tj
3.2528 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.4031 0 Td
(the)Tj
-14.5559 -1.3889 Td
(case-control)Tj
5.152 0 Td
(design)Tj
2.8418 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
1.8424 0.2126 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0992 -0.2126 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
0.978 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2189 0 Td
(estimat)Tj
2.9126 0 Td
(e)Tj
0.659 0 Td
(of)Tj
-15.5055 -1.1906 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(vaccine)Tj
3.2244 0 Td
(coverag)Tj
3.0898 0 Td
(e)Tj
0.659 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.4032 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4882 0 Td
(external)Tj
-11.3528 -1.1906 Td
(coverage)Tj
3.7559 0 Td
(cohort.)Tj
3.104 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.644 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4811 0 Td
(simulation)Tj
-9.985 -1.3819 Td
(model,)Tj
/F19 1 Tf
3.0969 0.2126 Td
(b)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
-0.0992 -0.2126 Td
[()]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
0.9779 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8575 0 Td
(estimated)Tj
4.1031 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0347 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4811 0 Td
(proportion)Tj
-11.452 -1.1905 Td
(of)Tj
1.0347 0 Td
(individu)Tj
3.4016 0 Td
(als)Tj
1.2827 0 Td
(with)Tj
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