ReviewBiomarkers in asthma and allergic rhinitis
Section snippets
Pathophysiology of allergic airways disease
The pathogenesis of asthma and allergic rhinitis is complex. The expression of either or both disorders in an individual largely depends on interactions between several susceptibility genes and environmental factors [1], [2], [3]. Atopy is the key factor predisposing for the development of allergic airways disease [4]. Despite modern technologies enabling to unravel several inflammatory mechanisms of allergic airway disease, presently, still many etiological and pathophysiological questions
Biomarkers in asthma and allergic rhinitis: definitions and criteria
A biological marker (biomarker) is a physical sign or laboratory measurement that can serve as an indicator of biological or pathophysiological processes or a response to a pharmacological intervention [22]. There is an ongoing exploration of new biomarkers and initially, all biological compounds of the inflammatory cascade could be eligible candidates. Ideally, a biomarker should have the following characteristics [22]:
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Clinical relevance: indicating a clear relationship between the biomarker
Sampling techniques of the lower airways
Overall, there are three types of sampling methodologies of the lower airways: invasive sampling requiring flexible bronchoscopy, semi-invasive sampling by induced sputum and non-invasive sampling of the volatile inflammatory components in exhaled air.
Biomarkers in allergic rhinitis
The signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis are the result of an IgE-mediated allergic reaction involving different cells, mediators, cytokines, chemokines, neuropeptides, chemokines and other components in a complex immunological network [1]. In clinical practice or trials of allergic rhinitis, most evaluation methods of clinical symptoms (by composite symptom scores) and measurements techniques of nasal patency (by rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry) are hampered by the lack of
Biomarkers in childhood asthma
Like in adults, asthma in children is characterised by chronic airway inflammation, based on evidence from bronchial biopsies [215], BAL [216] and sputum [217]. Even during asymptomatic disease episodes, airway inflammation can be demonstrated [218]. A Dutch bronchial biopsy study demonstrated chronic airway inflammation in asymptomatic adolescents, who were thought to have outgrown their early childhood asthma, possibly indicating a risk of disease relapse later in life [219]. Therefore,
Overall conclusion
Non-invasive and semi-invasive sampling methods of the upper and lower airways offer a large variety of potential biomarkers of asthma and allergic rhinitis. In view of the complex inflammatory airway response in both asthma and allergic rhinitis, multiple biomarkers should be sampled, whenever possible. Biomarkers can be useful tools in both clinical practice (diagnosis, disease monitoring) and clinical research including drug development. Further development and validation of sophisticated
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2021, Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical SciencesCitation Excerpt :Originally identified as a tyrosine phosphorylated protein, p38α MAPK was detected in activated immune cell macrophages, and plays a key role in inflammatory cytokine induction, such as TNF-α.36,37 In this thesis, Chinese herbs in this study exert their effects on the immune response in various ways, which is consistent with existing literature reports (Fig. 5).38–41 In terms of the overall characteristics of the network, there is a phenomenon in which one chemical component interacts with multiple disease-related proteins, and there is also a phenomenon where multiple chemical components act on one disease-related protein.
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2019, Annals of Allergy, Asthma and ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :The pathophysiology and expression of these diseases are influenced by interactions between susceptibility genes and exposure to environmental factors such as aeroallergens, secondhand smoke, and infections. Isolated use of traditional markers, such as lung function parameters and skin prick testing, and clinical symptoms to diagnose specific subtypes and manage asthma and allergic diseases have been shown to be inadequate because of the heterogenous underlying pathophysiology of disease phenotypes.10 Integration of phenotyping and multi-omics endotyping can help differentiate asthma and allergic disease subtypes, identify biomarkers and pathological mediators, predict patient responsiveness to specific therapies, and monitor disease control.8,11,12
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2017, International ImmunopharmacologyCitation Excerpt :Hideto Tozawa et al. showed evidence that IL-4 could upregulate the expression of adhesion molecules, like vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAN-1) on the endothelial cells facilitating the infiltration of eosinophils, T lymphocytes and basophils into the nasal mucosa [44]. IL-6, secreted by various innate immune cells, is associated with the maturation and differentiation of B cells and mononuclear macrophage, the enhanced activity of the natural killer cell, and the expression of COX-2 [45–47]. A previous study showed that intranasal challenge with IL-6 can increase nasal mucus production.
Diosmetin Alleviates Ovalbumin-Induced Nasal Inflammation by Regulating the SIRT1/NF-κB Signaling in Mouse Models of Allergic Rhinitis
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