How much contact do Dutch grandparents have with their grandchildren, and how can differences in contact frequency by explained? In the 1992 NESTOR-LSN survey of 'Older adults living arrangements and social networks', a random group of 976 grandparents answered questions on the frequency and content of the contacts with each of their grandchildren. To explain differences in grandparent-grandchild contact frequency, we developed an integrative theoretical framework distinguishing the personal motives to invest in the relationship and the opportunity structure that inhibits or encourages interactions. ...