Investigation of some factors affecting the sensory level of spinal anesthesia: position, baricity, temperature, needle direction and speed of injection

The purpose of the studies to be presented was to investigate different factors influencing spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.5 %. More specifically, the first study investigated the differences in intrathecal distribution as measured by the maximum sensory level of blockade between the plain and the hyperbaric solutions of bupivacaine 0.5 %, as well as the effect of posture on the intrathecal distribution of the hyperbaric solution. The second study investigated the temperature-dependent changes in baricity of the plain solution of bupivacaine 0.5 % on intrathecal distribution. The third study investigated the effect of the direction of the spinal needle on the intrathecal distribution of plain bupivacaine 0.5 %. The fourth study compared the characteristics of spinal anesthesia as defined by onset, duration and regression of sensory and motor blockade of plain bupivacaine 0.5 % equilibrated to body temperature and to room temperature. The fifth study describes observations made in a spinal canal model regarding the distribution of a solution containing bupivacaine and methylene blue injected at different temperatures and with different speeds of injection

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