We examine the effect of the sending-off of a player on the goal-scoring rates in FIFA World Cup matches in tournaments from 1998 to 2014. We use a hazard rate framework in which the effect of a red card is modeled as a shift in the goal-scoring rate. A red card may harm the team that receives a red card and may be beneficial for their opponent. Indeed, we find that the goal-scoring rate of the sanctioned team goes down, while the goal-scoring rate of the non-sanctioned team goes up.

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hdl.handle.net/1765/119671
Empirical Economics: A quarterly journal of the Institute for Advanced Studies
Department of Applied Economics

Cerveny, J., van Ours, J., & van Tuijl, M.A. (2018). Effects of a red card on goal-scoring in World Cup football matches. Empirical Economics: A quarterly journal of the Institute for Advanced Studies, 55(2), 883–903. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1765/119671