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Abstract Bone substitutes – In trauma and orthopedic surgery the use of autograft is a first choice therapy for filling bone defects. Due to drawbacks in the use of autografts (for example donor site morbidity and limited amount of bone tissue) there is an increasing interest in the use of (artificial) bone substitutes. This article provides an overview of the basic science of bone substitution. For optimal ingrowth of bone a transplant should have osteogenic, osteoinductive and osteoconductive characteristics. Bone substitutes are mostly osteoconductive and provide a scaffold for bone regeneration. Osteoconductivity is mainly determined by pore size, porosity and cristallinity. Calcium phosphates represent a group of bone substitutes that is being used mostly, and this group of products has been extensively studied. In addition, calcium sulphates and bioactive glass are used also. New developments such as the addition of growth factors to bone substitutes are under extensive research.