Marketization of Care and Gendered Cross-Border Migration from Indonesia to Malaysia: The Case of Indonesian Female Migrant Domestic Workers in/to Malaysia.

Introduction
For the last two decades, the rights of domestic workers have drawn attention from academia, policy makers, NGO workers and human rights activists. The International Labour Organization (ILO) (2011) estimates that there are currently 53 to 100 million domestic workers worldwide (around 83% of whom are women and girls), and many of them, especially the female live-in migrant domestic workers (MDWs), are working under precarious conditions without any labour rights. Since domestic work is undervalued and poorly regulated, domestic workers remain overworked, underpaid and unprotected. Media reports have increasingly highlighted the plight of MDWs in the different parts of world who suffer from maltreatment, such as control of mobility through withholding identity papers, physical abuse, sexual harassment, overtime work and wage denial. Yet, public authorities have been reluctant to intervene in the defense of domestic workers, primarily because domestic work is regarded as a “private” issue within the family. Government intervention mainly takes the form of banning the migration of women in low-skilled sectors altogether or domestic workers specifically, rather than finding measures to protect the rights of these migrants