e Need for an integrated comparison of the effectiveness of international sustainable forestry, coffee and cocoa initiatives

Abstract

In a previous publication, I have argued that the effectiveness of private sustainability standards has been assessed from at least four different angles, each of which defines effectiveness differently. First, the legal angle focuses on whether the objectives of international private initiatives are explicated, whether the norms are specified, whether the initiative is regularly evaluated by relevant stakeholders, whether it provides ‘conflict of law’ rules in connection with other private standards or public regulation, enforcement of private regulation, and conflict resolution. Therefore, this angle evaluates whether the initiative provides ‘meta-rules’ on the formation and enforcement of regulation and the resolution of conflicts in connection with these norms. Second, the impact angle is connected to economic consequences such as benefit and growth. It also considers social, consumer, and environmental benefit/detriment, impact on sustainability and possible market disruption or trade hindrance. Third, the acceptance/legitimacy/ governance angle in connection with private regulation focuses on the way private regulation is communicated, the way in which it is implemented, whether proper procedures are used to engage relevant stakeholders, and how the decision making process is shaped. The behavioral angle analyzes the effects, if any, of international private initiatives on behavior. In this contribution I will compare two international certification initiatives in supply chains on the discouragement of illegal logging and sustainable forestry (Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)) and sustainable growing of cocoa, coffee and tea (UTZ Certified) on three of the four angles on effectiveness.