Reliability of Railway Systems
(Betrouwbaarheid van spoorwegsystemen)
2005-07-06
Doctoral Thesis
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Michiel Vromans was born on January 31, 1976, in Veghel, the Netherlands. In 1994- 1995 he visited the Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas, USA. His focus that year was on both geography and mathematics. In 1995 he started his study in Econometrics at the University of Groningen, with a major in Operations Research. He graduated in 2000 with a Master’s thesis on the automation of train crew planning. This thesis was written during a nine month internship at NS Reizigers, the largest Dutch passenger railway operator. In October 2000, he started as a Ph.D. student at the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam. His Ph.D. research considered the improvement of the reliability and punctuality of railway systems. Much of his research was carried out at, and in cooperation with the logistics department of NS Reizigers. From February 2002 until August 2003, he supported NS Reizigers with two practical studies on human resource management for train personnel. This also led to an article in Interfaces. Several other of his articles, related to this thesis, are forthcoming in scientific journals and books. Several research papers have been published conference proceedings. He has also presented his research work at various international conferences and workshops. In October 2004 the joint paper Reliability and Heterogeneity of Railway Services with Leo Kroon and Rommert Dekker won the first prize in the 2004 student competition of the Rail Applications Special Interest Group of INFORMS. In November 2004, he was awarded the IT&L-award of TRAIL and AVV, with a joint paper entitled Stochastic Optimization of Railway Timetables. In January 2005 he joined ProRail, the Dutch railway infrastructure manager. His work there, partially in line with his dissertation research, focuses on the capacity of the Dutch railway network and timetabling norms.
Openbaar vervoer speelt een belangrijke rol in de mobiliteit in Nederland en andere landen. Om het treinverkeer concurrerend te houden met de auto, is een goede prijs-kwaliteitverhouding vereist. Één van de belangrijkste kwaliteitsmaatstaven is het op tijd rijden van de treinen. Vertragingen hebben veel verschillende oorzaken. Bovendien verspreiden opgelopen vertragingen zich zowel in plaats als tijd door het spoornetwerk. De maatschappelijke, bedrijfsmatige en wetenschappelijke relevantie van onderzoek naar het op tijd rijden van treinen is overduidelijk. Het proefschrift verschaft een duidelijk overzicht van de eigenschappen van een spoorsysteem met betrekking tot betrouwbaarheid. Verder worden enkele modellen ontwikkeld die kunnen helpen bij het opstellen van betrouwbare dienstregelingen. Een spoorwegsysteem kan worden gezien als een heel groot en complex stochastisch dynamisch systeem. “Betrouwbaarheid van Spoorwegsystemen” beschrijft wiskundige modellen voor de evaluatie en optimalisatie van spoorwegdienstregelingen. Speciale aandacht is er voor de verdeling van rijtijdspeling. Deze spelingen kunnen erg nuttig zijn in het beperken van vertragingsoverdracht. De effectiviteit van deze spelingen is echter erg afhankelijk van de locatie binnen de treinrit. Een verassende, maar potentieel effectieve regel voor de spelingsverdeling is ontwikkeld om de verspreiding van vertragingen te verminderen. Een ander belangrijk onderwerp is de heterogeniteit van het treinverkeer, of, in andere woorden, de snelheidsverschillen tussen de treinen. Naast het feit dat wordt aangetoond dat er een sterke correlatie is tussen snelheidsverschillen en betrouwbaarheid, zijn er nieuwe maten ontwikkeld die de mate van heterogeniteit van het treinverkeer aangeven. Verder wordt een innovatief stochastisch lineair programmeringsmodel gepresenteerd dat niet alleen in staat is om dienstregelingen te evalueren, maar ook te optimaliseren. Het model integreert de meeste spoorwegafhankelijkheden en minimaliseert de gemiddelde aankomstvertraging rechtstreeks. Het model laat zien dat aanzienlijke verbeteringen mogelijk zijn in vergelijking met de huidige dienstregeling in Nederland. Verschillende varianten van het model zijn beschreven die voor een breed scala aan problemen ingezet kan worden.
Public transport plays a key role in mobility in the Netherlands and other countries. It has been recognized that the on-time performance is one of the key performance indicators in public transport. Many different internal and external factors cause the train operations to be disturbed. Moreover, incurred delays are often propagated to other trains and to other parts of the network. The societal, managerial, and scientific relevance of research on the on-time performance of railway systems are eminent. This thesis provides a clear picture of the reliability of railway systems. A railway system can be considered as a very large and complex stochastic dynamic system. “Reliability of Railway Systems” describes mathematical models for the evaluation and optimization of railway timetables. Special attention is given to the allocation of running time supplements. These supplements can be very useful in containing delay propagation. However, the effectiveness of these supplements highly depends on the location within the train line. A surprising, but potentially effective supplement allocation rule is developed to decrease the propagation of delays. Another important subject is the heterogeneity of train traffic, or in other words the speed differences. Besides showing a strong correlation between speed differences and reliability, new measures were developed to capture the heterogeneity. Furthermore, an innovative stochastic linear program is presented that is not only able to evaluate, but also to optimize timetables. It integrates most railway dependencies, and it directly optimizes the average arrival delays. The model shows that considerable improvements are possible with respect to the current timetable in the Netherlands. Several variants of the model are described, such that the model can be used for a wide range of problems.
Kroon, L.G.
Nunen, J.A.E.E. van
Dekker, R.
Wagelmans, A.P.M.
Hansen, I.A.
Scheubel, A.
- operations research
- heterogeneity
- reliability
- stochastic optimization
- Railways
- delay
- punctuality
- timetabling
- supplements
- C61 : Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
- L92 : Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports
- M : Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting
- R4 : Transportation Systems
- M11 : Production Management
- train
- delay
- timetable
- supplement
- model
- disturbance
- railway
- station
- arrival
- passenger
- section
- minute
- departure
- chapter
- simulation
- number
- train t
- figure
- station n
- situation